Pollution Sources and Drinking Water Protection

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
Jason J. Wen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Water Protection

scholarly journals Bacterial diversity and predicted enzymatic function in a multipurpose surface water system – from wastewater effluent discharges to drinking water production

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda Tiwari ◽  
Anna-Maria Hokajärvi ◽  
Jorge Santo Domingo ◽  
Michael Elk ◽  
Balamuralikrishna Jayaprakash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Production Well

Abstract Background Rivers and lakes are used for multiple purposes such as for drinking water (DW) production, recreation, and as recipients of wastewater from various sources. The deterioration of surface water quality with wastewater is well-known, but less is known about the bacterial community dynamics in the affected surface waters. Understanding the bacterial community characteristics —from the source of contamination, through the watershed to the DW production process—may help safeguard human health and the environment. Results The spatial and seasonal dynamics of bacterial communities, their predicted functions, and potential health-related bacterial (PHRB) reads within the Kokemäenjoki River watershed in southwest Finland were analyzed with the 16S rRNA-gene amplicon sequencing method. Water samples were collected from various sampling points of the watershed, from its major pollution sources (sewage influent and effluent, industrial effluent, mine runoff) and different stages of the DW treatment process (pre-treatment, groundwater observation well, DW production well) by using the river water as raw water with an artificial groundwater recharge (AGR). The beta-diversity analysis revealed that bacterial communities were highly varied among sample groups (R = 0.92, p <  0.001, ANOSIM). The species richness and evenness indices were highest in surface water (Chao1; 920 ± 10) among sample groups and gradually decreased during the DW treatment process (DW production well; Chao1: 320 ± 20). Although the phylum Proteobacteria was omnipresent, its relative abundance was higher in sewage and industrial effluents (66–80%) than in surface water (55%). Phyla Firmicutes and Fusobacteria were only detected in sewage samples. Actinobacteria was more abundant in the surface water (≥13%) than in other groups (≤3%). Acidobacteria was more abundant in the DW treatment process (≥13%) than in others (≤2%). In total, the share of PHRB reads was higher in sewage and surface water than in the DW treatment samples. The seasonal effect in bacterial communities was observed only on surface water samples, with the lowest diversity during summer. Conclusions The low bacterial diversity and absence of PHRB read in the DW samples indicate AGR can produce biologically stable and microbiologically safe drinking water. Furthermore, the significantly different bacterial communities at the pollution sources compared to surface water and DW samples highlight the importance of effective wastewater treatment for protecting the environment and human health.

Drinking Water Protection

Water Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 258-262
Author(s):  
William Goldfarb
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Protection

scholarly journals On the hygienic scientific provision of the Water strategy of the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (9) ◽  
pp. 923-928
Author(s):  
Oxsana O. Sinitsyna ◽  
Victor V. Turbinsky
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Water Protection ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Water Strategy ◽  
Oriented Approach

Increased competition between producers has now become one of the critical features of the country’s economy. Within the framework of the Water Strategy of the Russian Federation, technological issues play a significant role both in the protection of water resources and in compliance with the safety requirements and favourable quality of the water used. For more than 20 years worldwide, there has been a transition from a hazard-oriented to a risk-oriented approach in the organization of nature and water protection activities. The use of a risk-based approach determines the mandatory monitoring of all pollutants and calculation methods for assessing various types of toxicity of a substance, their hazardous concentrations based on knowledge of the structure and information about the hazard of substances from international databases and registers. Based on the analysis of the main provisions of the Water Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 in conjunction with the conditions of water use affecting the health of the population, the priority problems of technological development in the water protection sector and their medical and preventive support were identified. Measures have been outlined to ensure the compliance of the technology for the protection of water bodies, sources of household and drinking water supply to the population and industrial development for monitoring the effectiveness and efficiency of hygienic regulation, sanitary and epidemiological examination of project documentation and a risk-oriented approach to ensuring the activities of business entities on the territory of sanitary protection zones of drinking water sources: water supply, wastewater treatment from point and diffuse sources of pollution.

scholarly journals Comparing drinking water treatment costs to source water protection costs using time series analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 8741-8756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Heberling ◽  
Christopher T. Nietch ◽  
Hale W. Thurston ◽  
Michael Elovitz ◽  
Kelly H. Birkenhauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Costs ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Water Protection ◽  
Source Water Protection ◽  
Protection Costs

scholarly journals Comparison of Existing Legal Assessment Values for Heavy Metal Deposition in Western Europe and Calculation of Assessment Values for Luxembourg

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1455
Author(s):  
Angela Schlutow ◽  
Winfried Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Critical Loads ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Water Protection ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Heavy Metal Deposition ◽  
Wheat Products ◽  
Water Ecosystems ◽  
Cu And Zn

The protection against eco- and human-toxicological impairments caused by atmospheric deposition of heavy metals requires legally defined assessment values. Since such values are missing for Luxembourg, the aim of this investigation was to evaluate different approaches to derive assessment values for the regulation of heavy metals that are in accordance with scientific and legal standards. To this end, assessment values for heavy metals were derived from the compilation of respective values implemented in European countries. In addition, (1) precipitation-related assessment values for the protection of soil for Cr, Zn, and Cu and (2) precautionary assessment values (critical loads for Cr, Zn, and Cu, as well as As, Cd, Ni, and Pb) for the protection of human health and ecosystems were calculated. The calculation of the regionally differentiated precipitation-related assessment values resulted in ranges of 17–272 g Cu ha−1 a−1, 167–2672 g Zn ha−1 a−1 and 17–272 g Crtotal ha−1 a−1. The critical loads for drinking water protection vary in the ranges from 1.23 to 2.14 g Cd ha−1 a−1, from 4.05 to 8.63 g Pb ha−1 a−1, from 2.6 to 5.9 g As ha−1 a−1, from 258 to 564 g Cu ha−1 a−1, from 1292 to 2944 g Zn ha−1 a−1, and from 12.9 to 29.9 g Crtotal ha−1 a−1. Ecosystems are significantly more sensitive to Pb, Cu, and Zn inputs than humans. For As and Cr, humans react much more sensitively than ecosystems. For Cd, the critical loads for drinking water, ecosystems, and wheat products are about the same.

scholarly journals The Characterization of Significant Direct Threats to Source Watersheds: a Risk-Based Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Water Protection ◽  
Quantitative Characterization ◽  
Drinking Water Resources

In 2004, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment proposed the 'Drinking water source protection act' which stipulated that, in the development of water protection plans, significant direct threats to source watersheds are to be identified. Examination of the major risk factors threatening water resources proved there are insufficient scientific data available to regulators to accomplish this task. Research showed E.coli O157:H7, Salmonella, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum, and the sources of these pathogens in the environment are, qualitatively, significant threats to water resources. However, a quantitative characterization of significance depends of the failure probabilities of pathogen sources. Using the Ontario Spills Action Centre data, the occurrence of failure was found to have a high non-zero probability. However, considerable uncertainties revealed in these data suggest that a better understanding of failure is critical to accurately characterize significant threats to drinking water resources.

scholarly journals Bacterial Diversity and Predicted Enzymatic Function in a Multipurpose Surface Water System – From Wastewater Effluent Discharges to Drinking Water Production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda Tiwari ◽  
Anna-Maria Hokajärvi ◽  
Jorge Santo Domingo ◽  
Michael Elk ◽  
Balamuralikrishna Jayaprakash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Production Well ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Enzymatic Function

Abstract BackgroundRivers and lakes are used for multiple purposes such as for drinking water (DW) production, recreation, and as recipients of wastewaters from various sources. The understanding of the seasonal dynamics of bacterial communities on such waters may help for protecting human health and the environment. This study analyzed 16S rRNA-gene high-throughput sequence data for determining the spatial and seasonal dynamics of bacterial communities, their predicted functions, and potential health-related bacterial (PHRB) reads within the Kokemäenjoki River watershed in south-west Finland. Water samples were collected from various sampling points of the watershed, from its major pollution sources (sewage influent and effluent, industrial effluent, mine runoff) and different stages of the DW treatment process (pre-treatment, groundwater observation well, DW production well) by using the river water as raw water with artificial groundwater recharge (AGR). ResultsThe beta-diversity analysis revealed that bacterial communities were highly varied among sample groups (R = 0.92, p < 0.001, ANOSIM). The species richness and evenness indices were highest in surface water (Chao1; 920±10) among sample groups and gradually decreased along the DW treatment process (DW production well; Chao1: 320±20). Although the phylum Proteobacteria was omnipresent, its relative abundance was higher in sewage and industrial effluents (66-80%) than in surface water (55%). Phyla Firmicutes and Fusobacteria were only detected in sewage samples. Actinobacteria was more abundant in the surface water (≥13%) than in other groups (≤3%). Acidobacteria was more abundant in the DW treatment process (≥13%) than in others (≤2%). In total, the share of PHRB reads was higher in sewage and surface water than in the DW treatment samples. In surface water, the recorded richness indices and the share of PHRB reads were lowest during summer than other seasons. When all sample groups were considered together, the predicted enzymatic function was lowest during spring than other seasons. Conclusions The significantly different bacterial communities at the pollution sources as compared to surface water highlight the importance of effective wastewater treatment for protecting surface water quality. The low bacterial diversity and absence of PHRB reads in the DW samples indicate AGR is able to produce biologically stable and microbiologically safe drinking water.

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