Total Site Water Integration Considering Multiple Water Reuse Headers

Design of Land Application Systems for Water Reuse

Water ◽

10.3390/w13152120 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 2120

Author(s):

Clifford B. Fedler

Keyword(s):

Water Balance ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Water Storage ◽

Land Application ◽

Design Approach ◽

Capital Costs ◽

Application Systems ◽

Nutrient Salt ◽

Site Water ◽

Irrigated Crops

Water reuse via land application is old technology; but the water balance only design approach and practice has not worked well. There are many benefits of water reuse by irrigating crops; however, there are some risks if not designed properly. When the design approach uses a combined water-nutrient-salt balance, the most effective and sustainable, long-term system is achieved. This approach provides a design based on land area requirements, on-site water storage, and economic return from the irrigated crops. The single, most often overlooked step in the water balance is accounting for the water stored in the soil. When spread over large areas, this quantity of water results in considerably less required surface water storage, which saves capital costs. This design approach has been used successfully on multiple sites for over 30 years without failure.

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Current status of water reuse systems in Korea

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2004.0146 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 309-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Noh ◽

I. Kwon ◽

H.-M. Yang ◽

H.-L. Choi ◽

H. Kim

Keyword(s):

Water Reuse ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Current Status ◽

Water Recycling ◽

Recycled Water ◽

Produce Water ◽

Service Water ◽

Site Water ◽

Recycling Systems

In Korea, the current water resources will fall short by 2.6 billion tons to meet the 38 billion ton water demand in the year 2020. To overcome the future water shortage, it is desirable to minimize water consumption and to reuse treated wastewater. There are a total of 99 on-site water-recycling systems in the country. The potential capacity of the 99 systems is 429 thousands tons/day, which is 3.6% of the total service water. Compared to other industrialized countries, the number of the water recycling systems in Korea is extremely small. This is mainly due to the following reasons. First, in Korea, any building with more than 60,000 m2 of total floor space is required to install a water reuse system by law. However, only less than 0.5% of the total buildings have more than 10,000 m2. Therefore, the regulation is ineffective and merely nominal. Second, service water is supplied at low charge (0.20 US-dollar/m3 water). The inexpensive service water often discourages people to recycle treated wastewater. Third, people still think recycled water is not clean enough and can cause diseases. Therefore, they should be informed that a well-maintained recycling system does not fail to produce water with high quality.

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Industrial site water minimisation via one-way centralised water reuse header

Journal of Cleaner Production ◽

10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.193 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 200 ◽

pp. 174-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ahmad Fikri Ahmad Fadzil ◽

Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi ◽

Zainuddin Manan ◽

Jiří Jaromír Klemeš

Keyword(s):

Water Reuse ◽

Industrial Site ◽

Site Water

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On-site water recycling systems in Japan

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2003.0020 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 149-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

H. Yamagata ◽

M. Ogoshi ◽

Y. Suzuki ◽

M. Ozaki ◽

T. Asano

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Potable Water ◽

Reclaimed Water ◽

Urban Water ◽

Water Recycling ◽

Technical Problems ◽

Recycling System ◽

Site Water ◽

Recycling Systems

Non-potable urban water reuse is Japan's main water reuse practice, which includes water for environmental uses, in-stream flow augmentation, toilet flushing, and industrial reuse. On-site water recycling systems reclaim wastewater on site as well as harvest rainwater in one or more large buildings and distributing the reclaimed water within the buildings for non-potable reuse. Based on our survey conducted in 1999 on current status of on-site water recycling systems in 23 wards of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government District, the following findings are reported in this paper: (1) on the average, 61% of non-potable water demand is met by reclaimed water, and the deficit is made up by tap water from city water supply, (2) biological treatment or ultrafiltration processes can provide reliable treatment and suitable water quality. Some technical problems such as odor from on-site treatment facilities have occurred in a few buildings, (3) there has been no serious accident involving human health by accidentally ingesting reclaimed water, and (4) there is a scale merit in the construction cost of on-site water recycling systems. An on-site wastewater recycling system larger than 100 m3/d is more economically justifiable when compared to a conventional domestic water supply system. An on-site water recycling system can provide an effective, safe, and economical urban water resource for non-potable water reuse applications.

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SIMULATION STUDY OF WATER REUSE SYSTEM FOR A REGENERATIVE HOUSEBOAT BY EPANET

Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction ◽

10.14455/isec.2020.7(2).aaw-05 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Ramezanianpour ◽

Sally Kung

Keyword(s):

Water Treatment ◽

Simulation Study ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Real Life ◽

Water System ◽

Water Infrastructure ◽

Case Scenario ◽

Treatment Unit ◽

Site Water ◽

The Impact

Urbanization affluence, together with the impact of climate change, poses a significant threat to water resources. Future water crises must be solved in a sustainable manner. The aim of this research is to introduce a multi-demand water infrastructure for a regenerative houseboat. This research reflects a simulation study of four different greywater reusing scenarios. On-site water treatment units are selected as possible source-associated solutions for sustainability. The design for the multi-demand water system will be implemented into the houseboat structure located on the Kaiapoi River in New Zealand. The water infrastructure includes river water storage, roof catchment, and greywater and black water treatment units. The simulation for water infrastructure is created by EPANET under real-life conditions, using average household data for water consumption and wastewater discharge. The study uses the concept of reservoirs for water sources. The results from EPANET show that it is possible to simulate this infrastructure and provide a dynamic model for a real case scenario. It is explained that 12.1% of water is saved if toilet flushing alone uses treated greywater. If greywater is treated for reuse in the washing machine and shower, then 25.3% and 66.3% of water are saved, respectively. A portion of treated greywater can also be pumped to the water treatment unit for drinking purposes, thereby using zero water from a river source.

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