Preliminary considerations on a unified model for hydrodynamic forces

It is impossible to draw a distinct line between force majeure and change of circumstances, because the two overlap. In order to regulate both force majeure and change of circumstances, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) has adopted a unified model in article 79, whereas Chinese law adopts a dual model by treating them as different things and regulating them in different articles. Where the purpose of a contract becomes impossible to achieve because of a force majeure and both the CISG and Chinese Contract Law (the CCL) adopt the same model of termination of the contract, the contract should be terminated by one party with a notice to the other party instead of ipso facto avoidance. In a case of a change of circumstances, in order to terminate the contract, both the CISG and the CCL actually follow the path of raising an action by a notice of avoidance or termination to theother party. Both approaches have their merits and demerits but the differences between them in practice are not as large as presumed. Where force majeure and change of circumstances overlap each other, possible ways for termination of the contract are for a party either to choose their preferred solution or to follow the lex specialis derogat generali. The latter way is preferred in this article; and while in an action for termination the judge may balance the interests of both parties in making a final decision, the uniform application of the law, the safety of the transaction and the fairness of the judgment may be ensured in so doing.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Loss of skeletal mineralization by the simultaneous ablation of PHOSPHO1 and alkaline phosphatase function: a unified model of the mechanisms of initiation of skeletal calcification.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.8840956.9381054 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Michaela Kneissel ◽

Ming-Kang Chang ◽

Ina Kramer

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Unified Model ◽

Skeletal Mineralization

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Language Independent NER using a Unified Model of Internal and Contextual Evidence

10.21236/ada460570 ◽

2002 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Silviu Cucerzan ◽

David Yarowsky

Keyword(s):

Unified Model

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Application of remote sensing technology to the relation of submarine pipelines and coastal morphology

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1995.0077 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 77-83

Author(s):

Y. Yüksel ◽

D. Maktav ◽

S. Kapdasli

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Sediment Transport ◽

Surf Zone ◽

Hydrodynamic Forces ◽

Construction Site ◽

Coastal Morphology ◽

Remote Sensing Technology ◽

Sensing Technology ◽

Sea Bed

Submarine pipelines must be designed to resist wave and current induced hydrodynamic forces especially in and near the surf zone. They are buried as protection against forces in the surf zone, however this procedure is not always feasible particularly on a movable sea bed. For this reason the characteristics of the sediment transport on the construction site of beaches should be investigated. In this investigation, the application of the remote sensing method is introduced in order to determine and observe the coastal morphology, so that submarine pipelines may be protected against undesirable seabed movement.

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