The Improvement of the Quality of Lubricating Oils by Polymeric Compounds

2015 ◽  
pp. 121-126
Keyword(s):  
Lubricating Oils ◽  
Polymeric Compounds

Paper 5: Application of Diesel Engines in the Royal Navy

1969 ◽  
Vol 184 (16) ◽  
pp. 32-43
Author(s):  
W. H. Sampson
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Control ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Lubricating Oils ◽  
Marine Propulsion ◽  
Improve Reliability ◽  
Selection Of

This paper deals with the application and selection of diesel engines for marine propulsion and auxiliary purposes with particular reference to the special requirements for naval applications. Details are given of the various means that have been developed for dealing with airborne and structure-borne noise, for reducing the effects of external shock, and for checking the quality of lubricating oils during service. Automatic control and protection equipments, including fluidic, are described and the paper finally deals with the means adopted to improve reliability and to reduce maintenance.

The Improvement of the Quality of Raffinate Obtained from Solvent Extraction of Lubricating Oils

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 1434-1444
Author(s):  
M. Sh. El-Gayar ◽  
A. E.-M. Ahmed ◽  
G. A. Gohar ◽  
A. H. Hegazi ◽  
H. M. Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Lubricating Oils

scholarly journals Oxidative Quality of Acid Oils and Fatty Acid Distillates Used in Animal Feeding

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2559
Author(s):  
Elisa Varona ◽  
Alba Tres ◽  
Magdalena Rafecas ◽  
Stefania Vichi ◽  
Roser Sala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Physical Refining ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Botanical Origin ◽  
Oxidation Status ◽  
Polymeric Compounds ◽  
Animal Feeding

Acid oils (AO) and fatty acid distillates (FAD) are byproducts from chemical and physical refining of edible oils and fats, respectively. Their high energy value makes their upcycling interesting as alternatives to conventional fats in animal feeding. The objective of this study is to characterize their oxidative quality and to provide recommendations about their evaluation for animal feeding purposes. The oxidation status (peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine value (p-AnV), % polymeric compounds (POL)), the oxidative stability (induction time by the Rancimat at 120 °C (IT)), the fatty acid composition (FA), and tocopherol and tocotrienol content of 92 AO and FAD samples from the Spanish market were analyzed. Both AO and FAD showed low PV (0.8 and 1 meq O2/kg); however, p-AnV was higher in FAD (36.4 vs. 16.4 in AO) and POL was higher in AO (2.5% vs. not detected in FAD) as a consequence of the type of refining process. The botanical origin of AO and FAD influenced FA and tocol composition, and they influenced IT. A high variability was observed for most analyzed parameters, reinforcing the need for standardizing AO and FAD to obtain reliable feed ingredients and to include primary and secondary oxidative parameters within their quality control.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Lithography below 100 nm

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
L. D. Jackel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Positive Resist ◽  
Exposure Process

Most production electron beam lithography systems can pattern minimum features a few tenths of a micron across. Linewidth in these systems is usually limited by the quality of the exposing beam and by electron scattering in the resist and substrate. By using a smaller spot along with exposure techniques that minimize scattering and its effects, laboratory e-beam lithography systems can now make features hundredths of a micron wide on standard substrate material. This talk will outline sane of these high- resolution e-beam lithography techniques.We first consider parameters of the exposure process that limit resolution in organic resists. For concreteness suppose that we have a “positive” resist in which exposing electrons break bonds in the resist molecules thus increasing the exposed resist's solubility in a developer. Ihe attainable resolution is obviously limited by the overall width of the exposing beam, but the spatial distribution of the beam intensity, the beam “profile” , also contributes to the resolution. Depending on the local electron dose, more or less resist bonds are broken resulting in slower or faster dissolution in the developer.

Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-315
Author(s):  
G. Lehmpfuhl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Diffraction Spot ◽  
Crystal Thickness ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Microscopic Investigations

Introduction In electron microscopic investigations of crystalline specimens the direct observation of the electron diffraction pattern gives additional information about the specimen. The quality of this information depends on the quality of the crystals or the crystal area contributing to the diffraction pattern. By selected area diffraction in a conventional electron microscope, specimen areas as small as 1 µ in diameter can be investigated. It is well known that crystal areas of that size which must be thin enough (in the order of 1000 Å) for electron microscopic investigations are normally somewhat distorted by bending, or they are not homogeneous. Furthermore, the crystal surface is not well defined over such a large area. These are facts which cause reduction of information in the diffraction pattern. The intensity of a diffraction spot, for example, depends on the crystal thickness. If the thickness is not uniform over the investigated area, one observes an averaged intensity, so that the intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern cannot be used for an analysis unless additional information is available.

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