Arthropod Vectors of Infectious Disease: Biology and Control

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Richard Wall
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Arthropod Vectors ◽  
Disease Biology ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Dot map cartograms for detection of infectious disease outbreaks: an application to Q fever, the Netherlands and pertussis, Germany

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Loes Soetens ◽  
Susan Hahné ◽  
Jacco Wallinga
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
And Control

Geographical mapping of infectious diseases is an important tool for detecting and characterising outbreaks. Two common mapping methods, dot maps and incidence maps, have important shortcomings. The former does not represent population density and can compromise case privacy, and the latter relies on pre-defined administrative boundaries. We propose a method that overcomes these limitations: dot map cartograms. These create a point pattern of cases while reshaping spatial units, such that spatial area becomes proportional to population size. We compared these dot map cartograms with standard dot maps and incidence maps on four criteria, using two example datasets. Dot map cartograms were able to illustrate both incidence and absolute numbers of cases (criterion 1): they revealed potential source locations (Q fever, the Netherlands) and clusters with high incidence (pertussis, Germany). Unlike incidence maps, they were insensitive to choices regarding spatial scale (criterion 2). Dot map cartograms ensured the privacy of cases (criterion 3) by spatial distortion; however, this occurred at the expense of recognition of locations (criterion 4). We demonstrate that dot map cartograms are a valuable method for detection and visualisation of infectious disease outbreaks, which facilitates informed and appropriate actions by public health professionals, to investigate and control outbreaks.

scholarly journals The Empowerment of Integrated Development Post of Non-Communicable Diseases in Efforts to Prevent and Control Non- Communicable Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Yandrizal Yandrizal ◽  
Rizanda Machmud ◽  
Melinda Noer ◽  
Hardisman Hardisman ◽  
Afrizal Afrizal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Combination Method ◽  
Integrated Development ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
And Control ◽  
Non Communicable Disease

Non-Communicable disease has already been the main cause of death in many countries, as many as 57 million death in the world in 2008, 36 million (63 percent) is because of un-infectious disease, specifically heart illness, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases. Prevention and controlling efforts of un-infectious diseases developing in Indonesia is non-communicable disease integrated development post (Pospindu PTM). This research used combination method approach with exploratory design. Exploratory design with sequential procedure used combination consecutively, the first is qualitative and the second is quantitative method. Public Health Center formed Posbindu PTM has not disseminate yet to all stakeholders. Posbindu PTM members felt benefit by following this activity. Some of them did not know follow the activity because of unknown about it. There was  connection between coming behavior to Posbindu PTM to preventing behavior of non-communicable disease.Percentage for high blood pressure risk indicated 20-25 percent from all visitors. Formulation of its policy implementation started with stakeholder analysis; head of sub district, head of urban village, head of health department in regency/city, head of public health service, head of neighborhood Association, and the head of family welfare development.  Analysis of perception, power and authority found that every stakeholder had authority to manage the member directly or indirectly. It was not implemented because of the lack knowledge of stakeholders about the Posbindu PTM function.They would play a role after knowing the aim and advantage of the post by motivate the people to do early detection, prevention and control the non-communicable disease. The members were given wide knowledge about  early detection, preventing  and control the un-infectious disease, measuring and checking up their healthy continuously so that keep feeling the advantage of coming to the post.

scholarly journals The attainment of herd immunity with a reducing risk of contact infection in modelling 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kian Boon Law ◽  
Kalaiarasu M Peariasamy ◽  
Hishamshah Ibrahim ◽  
Noor Hisham Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Mixed Population ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
And Control ◽  
Model Features

Abstract The risk of contact infection among susceptible individuals in a randomly mixed population can be reduced by the presence of immune individuals and this principle forms the fundamental of herd immunity. The conventional susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR) model features an infection-induced herd immunity model, but does not include the reducing risk of contact infection among susceptible individuals in the transmission model, therefore tends to overestimate the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases. Here we show that the reducing risk of contact infection among susceptible individuals can be achieved by incorporating the proportion of susceptible individuals (model A) or the inverse of proportion of recovered individuals (model B) in the force of infection of the SIR model. We numerically simulated the conventional SIR model and both new SIR models A and B under the exact condition with a basic reproduction number of 3·0. Prior to the numerical simulation, the threshold for the eradication of infectious disease through herd immunity was expected to be 0·667 (66·7%) for all three models. All three models performed likewise at the initial stage of disease transmission. In the conventional SIR model, the infectious disease subsided when 94·0 % of the population had been infected and recovered, way above the expected threshold for eradication and control of the infectious disease. Both models A and B simulated the infectious disease to diminish when 66·7% and 75·6% of the population had been infected, showing herd immunity might protect more susceptible individuals from the infectious disease as compared to the projection generated by the conventional SIR. Our study shows that model A provides a better framework for modelling herd immunity through vaccination, while model B provides a better framework for modelling herd immunity through infection. Both models overcome the insufficiency of the conventional SIR model in attaining the effect of herd immunity in modelling outputs, which is important and relevant for modelling infectious disease, such as the COVID-19 in a randomly mixed population.

scholarly journals Taxonomic patterns in the zoonotic potential of mammalian viruses

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex D. Washburne ◽  
Daniel E. Crowley ◽  
Daniel J. Becker ◽  
Kevin J. Olival ◽  
Matthew Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Coarse Graining ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Disease Biology ◽  
Taxonomic Patterns

Predicting and simplifying which pathogens may spill over from animals to humans is a major priority in infectious disease biology. Many efforts to determine which viruses are at risk of spillover use a subset of viral traits to find trait-based associations with spillover. We adapt a new method—phylofactorization—to identify not traits but lineages of viruses at risk of spilling over. Phylofactorization is used to partition the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses viral taxonomy based on non-human host range of viruses and whether there exists evidence the viruses have infected humans. We identify clades on a range of taxonomic levels with high or low propensities to spillover, thereby simplifying the classification of zoonotic potential of mammalian viruses. Phylofactorization by whether a virus is zoonotic yields many disjoint clades of viruses containing few to no representatives that have spilled over to humans. Phylofactorization by non-human host breadth yields several clades with significantly higher host breadth. We connect the phylogenetic factors above with life-histories of clades, revisit trait-based analyses, and illustrate how cladistic coarse-graining of zoonotic potential can refine trait-based analyses by illuminating clade-specific determinants of spillover risk.

PRAWO ADMINISTRACYJNE WOBEC EPIDEMII CHOROBY ZAKAŹNEJ – WYBRANE PROBLEMY NA TLE STUDIUM PRZYPADKU KORONAWIRUSA SARSCOV-2 (CHOROBY COVID-19)

2021 ◽  
pp. 154-196
Author(s):  
Jacek Jagielski ◽  
Piotr Gołaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Theoretical Terms ◽  
Digital Exclusion ◽  
Administrative Proceedings ◽  
And Control ◽  
Theoretical Reflection

The article discusses the legal and administrative regulations regarding the prevention and control of infectious diseases. The author puts forward and justifies the thesis that the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus epidemic (COVID-19 disease) has exposed significant imperfections (and partly deficiencies) of the above-mentioned regulations, and at the same time revealed the effects of – sometimes insufficient – theoretical reflection on administrative law and the methods of reception of its assumptions and theoretical structures into the provisions of this law. Against this background, particular attention was paid to the construction of the special state as a (separate and independent) institution of material administrative law, as well as to issues concerning, inter alia, administrative regulations, general administrative acts, administrative enforcement of non-pecuniary obligations, administrative proceedings, criminal-administrative law, and social (digital) exclusion in administrative law. The considerations are summed up by the statement that administrative law – both in practical and theoretical terms – has turned out to be insufficiently prepared for an epidemic of an infectious disease in general, and even more so for an epidemic of a scale such as that caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.

scholarly journals Could nasal irrigation and oral rinse reduce the risk for COVID-19 infection?

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 205873842094175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuele Casale ◽  
Vittorio Rinaldi ◽  
Lorenzo Sabatino ◽  
Antonio Moffa ◽  
Massimo Ciccozzi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Nasal Irrigation ◽  
Oral Rinse ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Nasal Cavities ◽  
Oral Fluids ◽  
And Control

Public health measures are essential to protect against COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The nose and the mouth represent entry portals for the COVID 19. Saline Nasal Irrigations (SNIs) can reduce the viral load in the nasal cavities. Oral rinse with antimicrobial agents is efficacious in reducing the viral load in oral fluids. We advocate the inclusion of SNIs and ethanol oral rinses as additional measures to the current public health measures, to prevent and control the transmission of any respiratory infectious disease, including COVID-19.

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