The Informal Economy: The Connection to Organized Crime, White Collar Crime, and Corruption

2015 ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Peter Kratcoski
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
White Collar

Theoretical Perspectives on White-Collar Crime

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Levi
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
Research Question ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Social Harm ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Liberal Societies ◽  
Life Course Studies

White-collar crime has not developed in a linear way as an academic subject. Its definition remains contested, between those who consider that, when deciding on the boundaries of what we can explain, we cannot depart far from the decisions of criminal courts and, at the other extreme, those who substitute “social harm” for “crime” and see the theoretical task as explaining why criminal justice reacts far more severely to the less socially harmful acts. Most scholars are somewhere closer to the legalistic view, except that they substitute convictability for conviction, though convictability may be disputable except where there is a Deferred Prosecution Agreement or an agreed statement by the corporation. Individual, organizational, and cultural explanations of white-collar offenses are considered and are complementary, depending on the research question to be explored. Incomplete or distorted datasets are commonplace, but the increasing number of life course studies of white-collar criminality show that serious white-collar (and organized crime) offending typically has a later onset than other crimes. This may be due to established professionals being recruited as ‘enablers,’ and/or that a certain maturity is necessary to act as a credible borrower or investment intermediary, depending on the crime. An important dimension of white-collar crime explains the decisions about formal and informal social control as ways of dealing with misconduct. These decisions range from detailed analysis of individual cases and patterns in a financial and/or industrial/service sector to macro explanations such as intentional or neglectful police/prosecutor resource starvation and protection of elites in neo-liberal societies. Some of the strategies are affected by whether regulator/regulatee relationships are repeat players progressing up the regulatory pyramid, or whether they are outsiders or intentional harm-doers, who may be less likely to be deterred or reformed by engagement with the regulators.

scholarly journals Counter Measures Criminal Act Of Narcotics

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Mohammad Arief Amrullah ◽  
Revency Vania Rugebregt
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Corporate Crime ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Transnational Crime ◽  
Cyber Crime ◽  
Counter Measures

Narcotics crimes that are part of organized crime are essentially one of crimes against development and crimes against social welfare that are central to national and international concerns and concerns. It is very reasonable, given the scope and dimensions so vast, that its activities contain features as organized crime, white-collar crime, corporate crime, and transnational crime. In fact, by means of technology can be one form of cyber crime. Based on such characteristics, the impacts and casualties are also very wide for the development and welfare of the community. It can even weaken national resilience.

Paragons, Pariahs, and Pirates: A Spectrum-Based Theory of Enterprise

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwight C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Common Thread ◽  
As If

Americans have traditionally treated white-collar crime and organized crime as if they were two independent phenomena, but there is a growing awareness that they may not be that distinct and that a better appreciation of both problems would be possible if we had a single conceptual perspective through which to view them. Our alien conspiracy notions about organized crime are a major barrier to that understanding; they proceed from five underlying assumptions about the differences between business and crime. If instead of those differences we recognize a common thread of enterprise, and understand that it takes place across a spectrum includ ing legal and criminal businesses, then a single, unifying perspective can take shape. The distinctions along that spectrum are exemplified by three kinds of businessmen: the paragon, the pariah, and the pirate.

Legal Protection of Whistleblower Witnesses in Revealing Corruption after the Issue of Supreme Court Circular No. 4 of 2011

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Juwita Arsawati
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
White Collar ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Circular Letter

In order to eliminate corruption, Indonesia has made various Efforts through the establishment of laws and development of commissions. However, corruption still occurs with all tactics and ways behind politics, economics and power. Moreover, corruption is organized crime or white-collar crime. That why it is difficult to determine the main actor who knows much about it because corruptions Also Involved in that. To reveal corruption, then there must be a whistleblower as a witness, who is willing to reveal the corruption that has occurred because they saw, heard, and had experienced it by themselves, later practically called as a crown witness or key witness. Act No. 13/2006 and the Supreme Court Circular Letter No. 4/2011 have not been fully able to provide protection to whistleblowers from investigation, prosecution and examination. Since now, there are no laws that specifically against whistleblowers. It is the caused whistleblower remains silent against the corruption.

scholarly journals The Global Traffic in Looted Cultural Objects

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Yates
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
White Collar ◽  
International Market ◽  
Transnational Crime ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Competing Ideas ◽  
In Transit

The looting, trafficking, and illicit sale of cultural objects is a form of transnational crime with significant social and legal dimensions that call into question competing ideas of ownership and value, as well as how we define organized crime, white collar crime, and crimes of the powerful. The looting of cultural objects from archaeological and heritage sites is inherently destructive and is almost always illegal. However, through a complex smuggling chain which depends on lack of import/export regulation standardization in transit and opaque business practices at market, stolen cultural objects are able to be passed onto the international market in large quantities and at little risk to market actors.

scholarly journals The Global Traffic in Looted Cultural Objects

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Yates
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
White Collar Crime ◽  
White Collar ◽  
International Market ◽  
Transnational Crime ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Competing Ideas ◽  
In Transit

The looting, trafficking, and illicit sale of cultural objects is a form of transnational crime with significant social and legal dimensions that call into question competing ideas of ownership and value, as well as how we define organized crime, white collar crime, and crimes of the powerful. The looting of cultural objects from archaeological and heritage sites is inherently destructive and is almost always illegal. However, through a complex smuggling chain which depends on lack of import/export regulation standardization in transit and opaque business practices at market, stolen cultural objects are able to be passed onto the international market in large quantities and at little risk to market actors.

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