Summary
Cold heavy-oil production with sand (CHOPS) is a nonthermal heavy-oil-recovery technique used primarily in the heavy-oil belt in eastern Alberta, Canada, and western Saskatchewan, Canada. Under CHOPS, typical recovery factors are between 5 and 15%, with the average being less than 10%. This leaves approximately 90% of the oil in the ground after the process becomes uneconomic, making CHOPS wells and fields prime candidates for enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) follow-up process field optimization. CHOPS wells show an enhancement in production rates compared with conventional primary production, which is explained by the formation of high-permeability channels known as wormholes. The formation of wormholes has been shown to exist in laboratory experiments as well as field experiments conducted with fluorescein dyes. The major mechanisms for CHOPS production are foamy oil flow, sand failure (or fluidization), and sand production. Foamy oil flow aids in mobilizing sand and reservoir fluids, leading to the formation of wormholes. Foamy oil behavior cannot be effectively modeled by conventional pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) behavior. Here, a new well/wormhole model for CHOPS is proposed. The well/wormhole model uses a kinetic model to deal with foamy oil behavior, and sand is mobilized because of sand failure determined by a minimum fluidization velocity. The individual wormholes are modeled in a simulator as an extension of a production well. The model grows the well/wormhole dynamically within the reservoir according to a growth criterion set by the fluidization velocity of sand along the existing well/wormhole. If the growth criterion is satisfied, the wormhole extends in the appropriate direction; otherwise, production continues from the existing well/wormhole until the criterion is met. The proposed model incorporates sand production and reproduces the general production behavior of a typical CHOPS well.
Characterization of gas-oil flow in Cyclic Solvent Injection (CSI) for heavy oil recovery