Low freezing point of inert liquid test and analysis based on the frozen soil moisture research

2015 ◽  
pp. 1209-1214
Author(s):  
Yu Gao ◽  
Yunhu Shang ◽  
Chang-lei Dai ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
Gen-zhi Wu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Frozen Soil

In situ measurements of moisture and salt movement in freezing soils

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 696-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Gray ◽  
R. J. Granger
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Transfer ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Vapor Flow ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Freezing Front ◽  
Ice Content

The paper presents the results of field studies on the movement of moisture and salts during freezing of Prairie soils. It is shown that large fluxes of water can migrate to the freezing front and move upward into the frozen soil above. The fluxes are largest in light-textured soils (e.g., silt loam) having a water table at shallow depth. However, substantial amounts of soil moisture may also move in silty clay, silty clay loam, and clay soils under dryland farming provided there is sufficient water present to support capillary flow.The dynamics of soil moisture transfer under natural conditions as a result of freezing involves movement of water in both vapor and liquid phases. In the shallow surface layer of soil, to a depth of 300–400 mm, vapor flow predominates; in the depth below, water usually moves primarily as a liquid. It is demonstrated that the accumulation of ice with time increases because of the downward movement of the freezing front and the upward movement of water into the frozen soil above. In a silt loam with large fluxes, the ice content of the frozen zone rapidly reaches a level (80–85% pore saturation) where measurable migration ceases. Conversely, in a silty clay the movement of moisture into the frozen soil is observed to continue throughout most of the freezing period, and the ice content reaches 93% pore saturation. The greater movement in the finer grained soil is attributed to a higher freezing-point depression, a larger number of capillary pores, and a higher concentration of soluble salts in the liquid films.A close association is observed between changes in the ice content and electrical conductivity of a silt loam after freezing. In a silty clay the agreement is less clear, probably the result of the exchange of ions between the migrating liquid water and the clay particles. Maximum amounts of exchangeable ions moving into a 1 m depth of soil by the freezing action are estimated to be 11.9 t/ha in a silt loam and 15.7 t/ha in a silty clay loam.Data showing the redistribution of water and salts during thawing are also presented and discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of preferential flow on snowmelt partitioning and groundwater recharge in frozen soils

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 5017-5031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron A. Mohammed ◽  
Igor Pavlovskii ◽  
Edwin E. Cey ◽  
Masaki Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Frozen Ground ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Frozen Soils ◽  
Flow Through

Abstract. Snowmelt is a major source of groundwater recharge in cold regions. Throughout many landscapes snowmelt occurs when the ground is still frozen; thus frozen soil processes play an important role in snowmelt routing, and, by extension, the timing and magnitude of recharge. This study investigated the vadose zone dynamics governing snowmelt infiltration and groundwater recharge at three grassland sites in the Canadian Prairies over the winter and spring of 2017. The region is characterized by numerous topographic depressions where the ponding of snowmelt runoff results in focused infiltration and recharge. Water balance estimates showed infiltration was the dominant sink (35 %–85 %) of snowmelt under uplands (i.e. areas outside of depressions), even when the ground was frozen, with soil moisture responses indicating flow through the frozen layer. The refreezing of infiltrated meltwater during winter melt events enhanced runoff generation in subsequent melt events. At one site, time lags of up to 3 d between snow cover depletion on uplands and ponding in depressions demonstrated the role of a shallow subsurface transmission pathway or interflow through frozen soil in routing snowmelt from uplands to depressions. At all sites, depression-focused infiltration and recharge began before complete ground thaw and a significant portion (45 %–100 %) occurred while the ground was partially frozen. Relatively rapid infiltration rates and non-sequential soil moisture and groundwater responses, observed prior to ground thaw, indicated preferential flow through frozen soils. The preferential flow dynamics are attributed to macropore networks within the grassland soils, which allow infiltrated meltwater to bypass portions of the frozen soil matrix and facilitate both the lateral transport of meltwater between topographic positions and groundwater recharge through frozen ground. Both of these flow paths may facilitate preferential mass transport to groundwater.

Finite Element Simulation of Freezing Technology for Borehole Stability of Gas Drilling

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 415-418
Author(s):  
Zong Gang Wang ◽  
Zhen Wei
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Drill String ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Conductive Heat ◽  
Formation Water ◽  
Borehole Stability ◽  
Finite Element Program ◽  
Gas Drilling

The gas drilling mainly relies on the high speed air flow to carry the cuttings. The formation water or oil mixed with the cuttings and then they stick together in clumps after the formation water or oil went into the hole annulus, the clumps stick on the drill string and the borehole. The clumps may block the hole annulus and cause the stick or bury the drill string and many other complex accident. It could stop the cuttings from sticking with the liquid through freezing the formation fluid with the liquid nitrogen. And the natural geotechnical becomes into the frozen soil, and forms the temporary solid which is intact, high strength and low-permeability. This paper utilize the ANSYS finite element program to simulate the 3D model of borehole and hole wall to calculate the freezing radius of the steady state, heat loss, temperature of the freezing point and the conductive heat time of the unsteady state. And this study has provided the basis of the freezing technology for borehole stability of gas drilling.

scholarly journals Frozen soil parameterization in a distributed biosphere hydrological model

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 6895-6928
Author(s):  
L. Wang ◽  
T. Koike ◽  
K. Yang ◽  
R. Jin ◽  
H. Li
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Moisture Profile ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Radiation Fluxes ◽  
Soil Moisture Profile ◽  
The Web

Abstract. In this study, a frozen soil parameterization has been modified and incorporated into a distributed biosphere hydrological model (WEB-DHM). The WEB-DHM with the frozen scheme was then rigorously evaluated in a small cold area, the Binngou watershed, against the in-situ observations from the WATER (Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research). In the summer 2008, land surface parameters were optimized using the observed surface radiation fluxes and the soil temperature profile at the Dadongshu-Yakou (DY) station in July; and then soil hydraulic parameters were obtained by the calibration of the July soil moisture profile at the DY station and by the calibration of the discharges at the basin outlet in July and August that covers the annual largest flood peak of 2008. The calibrated WEB-DHM with the frozen scheme was then used for a yearlong simulation from 21 November 2007 to 20 November 2008, to check its performance in cold seasons. Results showed that the WEB-DHM with the frozen scheme has given much better performance than the WEB-DHM without the frozen scheme, in the simulations of soil moisture profile at the DY station and the discharges at the basin outlet in the yearlong simulation.

scholarly journals Development of a Unified Land Model for Prediction of Surface Hydrology and Land–Atmosphere Interactions

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1299-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Livneh ◽  
Pedro J. Restrepo ◽  
Dennis P. Lettenmaier
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Surface Flux ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Soil Moisture Accounting

Abstract A unified land model (ULM) is described that combines the surface flux parameterizations in the Noah land surface model (used in most of NOAA’s coupled weather and climate models) with the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting model (Sac; used for hydrologic prediction within the National Weather Service). The motivation was to develop a model that has a history of strong hydrologic performance while having the ability to be run in the coupled land–atmosphere environment. ULM takes the vegetation, snow model, frozen soil, and evapotranspiration schemes from Noah and merges them with the soil moisture accounting scheme from Sac. ULM surface fluxes, soil moisture, and streamflow simulations were evaluated through comparisons with observations from the Ameriflux (surface flux), Illinois Climate Network (soil moisture), and Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX; streamflow) datasets. Initially, a priori parameters from Sac and Noah were used, which resulted in ULM surface flux simulations that were comparable to those produced by Noah (Sac does not predict surface energy fluxes). ULM with the a priori parameters had streamflow simulation skill that was generally similar to Sac’s, although it was slightly better (worse) for wetter (more arid) basins. ULM model performance using a set of parameters identified via a Monte Carlo search procedure lead to substantial improvements relative to the a priori parameters. A scheme for transfer of parameters from streamflow simulations to nearby flux and soil moisture measurement points was also evaluated; this approach did not yield conclusive improvements relative to the a priori parameters.

Estimation of snowmelt runoff in the Peace River region using a soil moisture budget

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. N. Hayhoe ◽  
R. G. Pelletier ◽  
L. J. P. van Vliet
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Moisture Budget ◽  
Snowmelt Runoff ◽  
Peace River ◽  
Erosion Prediction ◽  
Spring Runoff ◽  
River Region ◽  
Soil Moisture Budget

Rainfall and snowmelt runoff on soil frozen below the surface are recognized as important factors contributing to soil loss in Canada. The risk of rain on frozen soil has been quantified, and the amount of snowmelt on frozen soil has been estimated. This study extends such research to derive a climate-based model to estimate winter and spring runoff. This could result in a more accurate erosion prediction for areas where snowmelt is a major source for runoff. Selected components of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model and the versatile soil moisture budget (VB) were tested on observed data for two study sites in the Peace River region. The version of the WEPP model available to us estimated snow depth, soil frost depth and frequency of freeze–thaw cycles. However, the results did not adequately match observed data. The VB was modified in this study to improve the estimate of potential winter and spring runoff, and it was shown that incorporating observations of snow depth improved the estimate of the time and amount of snowmelt runoff. The modified runoff model was validated with data collected in the Peace River area of northern Alberta and British Columbia and with published data from the Prairies. Key words: Snowmelt, runoff, soil moisture budget

THE RATE OF ELONGATION OF SUNFLOWER PLANTS AND THE FREEZING POINT OF SOIL MOISTURE IN RELATION TO PERMANENT WILT

Soil Science ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEORGE Y. BLAIR ◽  
L. A. RICHARDS ◽  
R. B. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Freezing Point

scholarly journals Development of a Coupled Land Surface and Groundwater Model

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed M. Maxwell ◽  
Norman L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Water Table Depth ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Coupled Models ◽  
Common Land Model

Abstract Traditional land surface models (LSMs) used for numerical weather simulation, climate projection, and as inputs to water management decision support systems, do not treat the LSM lower boundary in a fully process-based fashion. LSMs have evolved from a leaky-bucket approximation to more sophisticated land surface water and energy budget models that typically have a specified bottom layer flux to depict the lowest model layer exchange with deeper aquifers. The LSM lower boundary is often assumed zero flux or the soil moisture content is set to a constant value; an approach that while mass conservative, ignores processes that can alter surface fluxes, runoff, and water quantity and quality. Conversely, groundwater models (GWMs) for saturated and unsaturated water flow, while addressing important features such as subsurface heterogeneity and three-dimensional flow, often have overly simplified upper boundary conditions that ignore soil heating, runoff, snow, and root-zone uptake. In the present study, a state-of-the-art LSM (Common Land Model) and a variably saturated GWM (ParFlow) have been coupled as a single-column model. A set of simulations based on synthetic data and data from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS), version 2(d), 18-yr dataset from Valdai, Russia, demonstrate the temporal dynamics of this coupled modeling system. The soil moisture and water table depth simulated by the coupled model agree well with the Valdai observations. Differences in prediction between the coupled and uncoupled models demonstrate the effect of a dynamic water table on simulated watershed flow. Comparison of the coupled model predictions with observations indicates certain cold processes such as frozen soil and freeze/thaw processes have an important impact on predicted water table depth. Comparisons of soil moisture, latent heat, sensible heat, temperature, runoff, and predicted groundwater depth between the uncoupled and coupled models demonstrate the need for improved groundwater representation in land surface schemes.

scholarly journals Spatial Gap-Filling of ESA CCI Satellite-Derived Soil Moisture Based on Linear Geostatistics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo M. Llamas ◽  
Mario Guevara ◽  
Danny Rorabaugh ◽  
Michela Taufer ◽  
Rodrigo Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Ground Truth Data ◽  
The Usa

Soil moisture plays a key role in the Earth’s water and carbon cycles, but acquisition of continuous (i.e., gap-free) soil moisture measurements across large regions is a challenging task due to limitations of currently available point measurements. Satellites offer critical information for soil moisture over large areas on a regular basis (e.g., ESA CCI, NASA SMAP), however, there are regions where satellite-derived soil moisture cannot be estimated because of certain circumstances such as high canopy density, frozen soil, or extreme dry conditions. We compared and tested two approaches--Ordinary Kriging (OK) interpolation and General Linear Models (GLM)--to model soil moisture and fill spatial data gaps from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) version 3.2 (and compared them with version 4.4) from January 2000 to September 2012, over a region of 465,777 km2 across the Midwest of the USA. We tested our proposed methods to fill gaps in the original ESA CCI product, and two data subsets, removing 25% and 50% of the initially available valid pixels. We found a significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.523, RMSE = 0.092 m3m-3) between the original satellite-derived soil moisture product with ground-truth data from the North American Soil Moisture Database (NASMD). Predicted soil moisture using OK also had significant correlation coefficients with NASMD data, when using 100% (r = 0.522, RMSE = 0.092 m3m-3), 75% (r = 0.526, RMSE = 0.092 m3m-3) and 50% (r = 0.53, RMSE = 0.092 m3m-3) of available valid pixels for each month of the study period. GLM had lower but significant correlation coefficients with NASMD data (average r = 0.478, RMSE = 0.092 m3m-3) when using the same subsets of available data (i.e., 100%, 75%, 50%). Our results provide support for OK as a technique to gap-fill spatial missing values of satellite-derived soil moisture products across the Midwest of the USA.

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