Monitoring the Maximum Information

2015 ◽  
pp. 190-207
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Information

PIOPLE. INFORMATION. DEGRADATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Andrey Varlamov ◽  
Vladimir Rimshin
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Mathematical Theory ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Building Models ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nature And Society ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Link Information ◽  
The Relationship

Considered the issues of interaction between man and nature. Noted that this interaction is fundamental in the existence of modern civilization. The question of possible impact on nature and society with the aim of preserving the existence of human civilization. It is shown that the study of this issue goes towards the crea-tion of models of interaction between nature and man. Determining when building models is information about the interaction of man and nature. Considered information theory from the viewpoint of interaction between nature and man. Noted that currently information theory developed mainly as a mathematical theory. The issues of interaction of man and nature, the availability and existence of information in the material sys-tem is not studied. Indicates the link information with the energy terms control large flows of energy. For con-sideration of the interaction of man and nature proposed to use the theory of degradation. Graphs are pre-sented of the information in the history of human development. Reviewed charts of population growth. As a prediction it is proposed to use the simplest based on the theory of degradation. Consideration of the behav-ior of these dependencies led to the conclusion about the existence of communication energy and information as a feature of the degradation of energy. It justifies the existence of border life ( including humanity) at the point with maximum information. Shows the relationship of energy and time using potential energy.

scholarly journals POS1489-HPR TELEMEDICINE CONSULTATIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY: IDENTIFIED PROBLEMS OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1029.1-1029
Author(s):  
Y. Livshits ◽  
O. Teplyakova ◽  
A. Sarapulova
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Remote Communication ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Degree

Background:Telemedicine counseling (TMC) has gained rapid development during the COVID-19 pandemic. The prospect of using this technology in rheumatology was based on the possibility of getting maximum information about the patient during the survey, examination and interpretation of laboratory and instrumental data, that is excepting direct contact with the patient. Several rheumatological clinics have reported on the success of using TMC. However, there is very little data of the difficulties that can be encountered when organizing this process.Objectives:To characterize the identified problems during TMC in rheumatology, to suggest potential directions for their elimination.Methods:Since June 2021, on the basis of the Medical Association “New Hospital”, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation, 76 TMCs have been performed on the profile of rheumatology in patients aged 29 to 71 years. Of these, 13 applied to the primary TMC, the other patients were preliminarily examined in person. The consultation included the preliminary acquaintance with the examination results, a 20-minute video communication and writing of a conclusion. After each TMC, a survey was conducted between the doctor and the patient, including the identified deficiencies in counseling. The frequency of identified problems is presented as an absolute indicator and as a percentage of the total number of TMCs performed.Results:We noted a high degree of patient satisfaction: 74 (97.4%) responded that they received answers to all. However, according to the doctor, the following groups of problems were identified.[1]Technical problems in 29 (38.2%): most often there were various problems with the Internet, but there were also registered: the end of the charge on the patient’s tablet, the patient was not registered in the electronic queue. Elimination of these violations depends on the work of IT-specialists, but each consulting physician should be prepared for an immediate transition to an alternative form of communication (for example - telephone).[2]Lack of objective examination, leading to the impossibility of correct remote diagnosis - 8 (10.5%). This problem was identified due to the inability to establish the presence or absence of arthritis during the initial diagnosis (6 cases) and to clarify the nature of the rash (2 cases). All patients are invited for a face-to-face consultation.[3]The need to write prescriptions for psychotropic drugs - 12 (15.8%), which under the conditions of national legislation cannot be done in the TMC regime.[4]The time spent directly on remote communication with the patient was 17.2 minutes (from 8 to 31), however, taking into account the study data and writing the conclusion, the total time was 40.7 minutes (from 21 to 73). Thus, it turned out that the average time for remote and face-to-face consultations is the same, while TMC’s payment is only about 50% of the face-to-face consultation. This situation reduces the doctor’s interest in carrying out TMC. The solution to the problem is associated with reducing the time for the documentation process through technical improvements. In addition, of the 9 patients in whom the TMC process lasted 60 minutes or more, 5 were diagnosed with fibromyalgia. It is possible that with a previously established diagnosis of fibromyalgia, only face-to-face counseling should be recommended to patients.Conclusion:The TMC system is promising, however, there are a number of problems that need to be improved, since they can reduce the doctor’s interest in using this technology.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Using a Response Time–Based Expected A Posteriori Estimator to Control for Differential Speededness in Computerized Adaptive Test

2021 ◽  
pp. 014662162110146
Author(s):  
Justin L. Kern ◽  
Edison Choe
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Joint Estimation ◽  
Item Selection ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Computerized Adaptive Test ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Adaptive Test ◽  
Estimation And Control ◽  
And Control

This study investigates using response times (RTs) with item responses in a computerized adaptive test (CAT) setting to enhance item selection and ability estimation and control for differential speededness. Using van der Linden’s hierarchical framework, an extended procedure for joint estimation of ability and speed parameters for use in CAT is developed following van der Linden; this is called the joint expected a posteriori estimator (J-EAP). It is shown that the J-EAP estimate of ability and speededness outperforms the standard maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of ability and speededness in terms of correlation, root mean square error, and bias. It is further shown that under the maximum information per time unit item selection method (MICT)—a method which uses estimates for ability and speededness directly—using the J-EAP further reduces average examinee time spent and variability in test times between examinees above the resulting gains of this selection algorithm with the MLE while maintaining estimation efficiency. Simulated test results are further corroborated with test parameters derived from a real data example.

scholarly journals Optimal Relabeling of Water Molecules and Single-Molecule Entropy Estimation

Biophysica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-296
Author(s):  
Federico Fogolari ◽  
Gennaro Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Nearest Neighbours ◽  
Biomolecular Simulations ◽  
Solvent Molecules ◽  
Solvation Entropy ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Internal Degrees Of Freedom

Estimation of solvent entropy from equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations is a long-standing problem in statistical mechanics. In recent years, methods that estimate entropy using k-th nearest neighbours (kNN) have been applied to internal degrees of freedom in biomolecular simulations, and for the rigorous computation of positional-orientational entropy of one and two molecules. The mutual information expansion (MIE) and the maximum information spanning tree (MIST) methods were proposed and used to deal with a large number of non-independent degrees of freedom, providing estimates or bounds on the global entropy, thus complementing the kNN method. The application of the combination of such methods to solvent molecules appears problematic because of the indistinguishability of molecules and of their symmetric parts. All indistiguishable molecules span the same global conformational volume, making application of MIE and MIST methods difficult. Here, we address the problem of indistinguishability by relabeling water molecules in such a way that each water molecule spans only a local region throughout the simulation. Then, we work out approximations and show how to compute the single-molecule entropy for the system of relabeled molecules. The results suggest that relabeling water molecules is promising for computation of solvation entropy.

A Two-Stage Immmunocytochemical Method for Oestrogen Receptor Analysis: Correlation with Morphological Parameters of Breast Carcinomas

1981 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Eusebi ◽  
Pier Tito Cerasoli ◽  
Simonetta Guidelli-Guidi ◽  
Sandro Grilli ◽  
Gianni Bussolati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Receptors ◽  
Oestrogen Receptor ◽  
New Method ◽  
Morphological Parameters ◽  
Breast Carcinomas ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Immunocytochemical Method ◽  
Tumour Cellularity ◽  
Er Status

An immunocytochemical method for oestrogen receptor (ER) analysis of breast carcinomas is described and compared with the dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) assay and a cytochemical method. The method described is superior to the purely cytochemical, especially in terms of sensitivity, demonstration of nuclear receptors and correlation with the DCC assay. The DCC assay is reliable except in the case of poorly cellular tumours: in these the immunocytochemical method is far superior, being independent of tumour cellularity. With this new method, lobular carcinomas are shown to be ER-rich compared with their ductal counterparts, a conclusion currently disputed, largely because methods employed mostly fail to take account of tumour cellularity. A combination of the DCC assay and the immunocytochemical method here described gives the maximum information about the ER-status of a particular carcinoma.

Informational Efficiency and Liquidity Premium as the Determinants of Capital Structure

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Chang ◽  
Xiaoyun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Operating Efficiency ◽  
Informational Efficiency ◽  
Information Revelation ◽  
Security Prices ◽  
Liquidity Premium ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Informed Traders ◽  
Operating Decisions

AbstractThis paper investigates how a firm’s capital structure choice affects the informational efficiency of its security prices in the secondary markets. We identify two new determinants of a firm’s capital structure policy: the liquidity (adverse selection) premium due to investors’ anticipated losses to informed trading, and operating efficiency improvement due to information revelation from the firm’s security prices. We show that the capital structure decision affects traders’ incentives to acquire information and subsequently, the distribution of informed traders across debt and equity claims. When information is less imperative for improving its operating decisions, a firm issues zero or negative debt (i.e., holding excess cash reserves) in order to reduce socially wasteful information acquisition and the liquidity premium associated with it. When information is crucial for a firm’s operating decisions, the optimal debt level is one that achieves maximum information revelation at the lowest possible liquidity cost. Our model can explain why many firms consistently hold no debt. It also provides new implications for financial system design and for the relationship among leverage, liquidity premium, profitability, and the cost of information acquisition.

scholarly journals Personalized screening intervals for kidney function in patients with chronic heart failure: a modeling study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Sophie Schuurman ◽  
Anirudh Tomer ◽  
K. Martijn Akkerhuis ◽  
Ewout J. Hoorn ◽  
Jasper J. Brugts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Information Gain ◽  
Joint Model ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Heart Failure Patients ◽  
Optimal Time Point

Abstract Background High mortality and rehospitalization rates demonstrate that improving risk assessment in heart failure patients remains challenging. Individual temporal evolution of kidney biomarkers is associated with poor clinical outcome in these patients and hence may carry the potential to move towards a personalized screening approach. Methods In 263 chronic heart failure patients included in the prospective Bio-SHiFT cohort study, glomerular and tubular biomarker measurements were serially obtained according to a pre-scheduled, fixed trimonthly scheme. The primary endpoint (PE) comprised cardiac death, cardiac transplantation, left ventricular assist device implantation or heart failure hospitalization. Personalized scheduling of glomerular and tubular biomarker measurements was compared to fixed scheduling in individual patients by means of a simulation study, based on clinical characteristics of the Bio-SHiFT study. For this purpose, repeated biomarker measurements and the PE were jointly modeled. For personalized scheduling, using this fitted joint model, we determined the optimal time point of the next measurement based on the patient’s individual risk profile as estimated by the joint model and the maximum information gain on the patient’s prognosis. We compared the schedule’s capability of enabling timely intervention before the occurrence of the PE and number of measurements needed. Results As compared to a pre-defined trimonthly scheduling approach, personalized scheduling of glomerular and tubular biomarker measurements showed similar performance with regard to prognostication, but required a median of 0.4–2.7 fewer measurements per year. Conclusion Personalized scheduling is expected to reduce the number of patient visits and healthcare costs. Thus, it may contribute to efficient monitoring of chronic heart failure patients and could provide novel opportunities for timely adaptation of treatment. Graphic abstract

ENERGY SAVINGS IN FORMATION FLIGHT OF PINK-FOOTED GEESE

1994 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Cutts ◽  
J Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Flight Path ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Optimal Position ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Anser Brachyrhynchus ◽  
Spacing Variation ◽  
Wing Tips ◽  
Wing Tip

Fifty-four skeins of pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) were photographed from directly underneath to eliminate the effects of perspective distortion, and the wing-tip spacings (the distance between adjacent birds' wing tips perpendicular to the flight path at maximum wingspan) and depths (the distance between adjacent birds' body centres parallel to the flight path) were measured at the same time as local wind speeds. The photographs were used to test for savings in induced power from wing positioning relative to the predicted positions of vortices generated by other wings, using a theoretical model. The mean wing-tip spacing corresponded to a saving in induced power of 14 %, less than one-third of the maximum possible. The saving in total power might be as low as 2.4 %. The high variation in wing-tip spacing suggests that pink-footed geese found difficulty maintaining position and thus adopted a strategy of flying outboard of the optimal position that maximises savings. This may minimise the risk of straying into a zone where savings are negative. There was a significant correlation between depth and wing-tip spacing, supporting an alternative communication hypothesis, whereby the birds position themselves to obtain maximum information on their neighbour's position. In high winds, there was little change in wing-tip spacing variation but a decrease in depth variation, suggesting a shift towards more regularly spaced skeins.

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