Burying Community-Based Policing to Protect Democratic Law Enforcement

2014 ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
Stephen Perrott
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Community Based

Coupling law enforcement and community-based regulations in support of compliance with biodiversity conservation regulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidelis Akunke Atuo ◽  
Jun Fu ◽  
Timothy John O’Connell ◽  
Jonathan Akomaye Agida ◽  
Jennifer Arubemi Agaldo
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Local Behaviour ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Illegal Activities

SummaryThe scope and scale of wildlife crimes around the world have risen in intensity and complexity, yet current enforcement strategies have often not delivered desired effects on illegal activities, even within protected areas. Tackling the array of illegal activities by emphasizing law enforcement above other options is challenging and potentially unsustainable. We explored the potential for social norms, community regulations and socioeconomic factors to promote compliance with wildlife laws by interviewing 334 respondents in 28 villages that share boundaries with protected areas in Nigeria. Using an anonymous direct questioning approach, we recorded a high prevalence of non-compliance behaviours in all studied communities. Injunctive norms (i.e., perceptions of acceptable behaviour within a social group) significantly predicted compliance, as respondents with no complicit friends or family members were more likely to comply with wildlife regulations. Perceived likelihood of community-level sanctions played a more salient role than the fear of arrest by rangers in influencing compliance. In addition, non-compliance increased with number of dependents, but reduced with average monthly household income. Our study demonstrates that clear knowledge of the social norms that drive local behaviour as well as the authorities that enforce them is integral to understanding the forces that drive community involvement and participation in conservation. Incorporating local communities in planning enforcement interventions may help protect threatened species and landscapes.

Policing American Gangs and Gang Members

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Novich
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Gang Membership ◽  
Gang Members ◽  
Drug Dealing ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Gang Involvement ◽  
Men Of Color

Gangs have been subjects of extensive empirical research since the 1920s. Scholarly interest in gangs was largely due to gang members’ increased likelihood of engaging in delinquent behavior. Gang members have been involved in criminal activities ranging from drug dealing to theft, property offenses, gun violence, and homicide. In the 1980s, there was nationwide concern about gangs as violent gang-related crimes increased and drew media attention. As a result, important legislation was implemented that made gang membership illegal. These policies were designed to curb gang involvement and de-escalate gang violence. The legislation included civil gang injunctions, the development of gang databases, and the formation and strengthening of gang task force units. Indeed, the policies resulted in an increase of gang unit officers focused on mitigating gang involvement and gang crime. Officer strategies focused on stopping, detaining, and arresting individuals who often fit certain stereotypes. Specifically, officers routinely based gang-related encounters on suspects’ race, age, clothing, gender, and geographic location, focusing mostly on young men of color in economically depressed neighborhoods. Perhaps unsurprisingly, a number of problems and concerns related to aggressive and biased police behavior surfaced, resulting in questionable outcomes of gang suppression. Research suggests that directed patrols and removing leadership might not be effective. Instead, alternate policies should include policing in conjunction with support from community-based nonprofit organizations and research that accounts for gang members’ experiences of law enforcement strategies.

Reintegrative Police Surveillance of Juvenile Offenders: Forging an Urban Model

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Guarino-Ghezzi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Community Policing ◽  
Community Resource ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Correctional Programs ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Criminal Justice Response

This article reviews patterns of police behavior vis-à-vis juvenile offenders and proposes a model called reintegrative surveillance, which is an integration of community-based corrections and community policing. Neither community-based corrections nor community policing is designed to handle serious, repeat offenders who are returning to high-crime neighborhoods. Police need to reexamine their roles to ensure that (a) policies of maintaining order and consequences of disorder are not ambiguous or misleading to youths and (b) order maintenance and law enforcement practices do not interfere with police ability to protect youths as victims of crime. Both tendencies are clearly widespread problems, and neither will be addressed as long as the “worst” neighborhoods and youths are considered beyond salvation. Correctional programs need to reevaluate police as a pivotal community resource. Reintegrative surveillance must include a gradational, consistent criminal justice response, protection, vigilance, interagency goal setting, and agency coordination.

The role of community participation in the effectiveness of UNESCO Biosphere Reserve management: evidence and reflections from two parallel global surveys

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. STOLL-KLEEMANN ◽  
A. C. DE LA VEGA-LEINERT ◽  
L. SCHULTZ
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Community Participation ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Biosphere Reserves ◽  
Participatory Conservation ◽  
Reserve Management

SUMMARYBiodiversity management has traditionally followed two contradictory approaches. One champions ecosystem protection through rigorous law enforcement and exclusion of humans. The other promotes community-based sustainable use of natural resources. Participatory conservation, a major paradigm shift, nowadays strongly guides the concept of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (BRs). In this paper, the rationale for community participation, and the perception of its effectiveness among BR managers are analysed. Within the World Network of BRs (553 sites in 107 countries) diverse participatory approaches are being tried to advance community-based natural resource management (CBNRM). Data from two parallel surveys, involving managers from 276 BRs worldwide, reveal how far this participation paradigm shift has really occurred, and its influence on managers’ self-evaluated effectiveness. There is substantial regional disparity, although in general BR managers endorse inclusive conservation, despite critical implementation hurdles. The process of participatory conservation carries new dangers for effective biosphere reserve management, when the aspirations of communities and other stakeholders do not ‘fit’ with a predetermined interpretation of sustainable development.

scholarly journals Freedom of Information Audits as Access Advocacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-42
Author(s):  
Kevin Walby ◽  
Jeff Yaremko
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Government Transparency ◽  
Multiple Jurisdictions

To evaluate the performance of FOI regimes, associations of journalists and other groups undertake FOI audits. These audits assess the depth of disclosure, the use of exemptions, among other indicators of the health of FOI laws. Drawing on a thematic analysis of FOI audits, we examine how these audits are conducted and what the audits reveal about FOI in multiple jurisdictions. We discern four themes in these audits: (1) law enforcement and security hindrance of FOI, (2) a link between FOI advocacy and struggles for government transparency, (3) gross abuses of FOI, and (4) the potential for social change. Arguing that FOI audits are a form of access advocacy, we suggest future FOI audits could be more community-based and participatory. We also provide recommendations for those undertaking future FOI audits.

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