The Biology of a Living Organism

2008 ◽  
pp. 23-42
Keyword(s):  
Living Organism

Bioadsorption of Multiple Heavy Metal Ions by Rhizophora Apiculate sp. and Elaesis Guineensis sp.

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
M.B. Nicodemus Ujih ◽  
Mohammad Isa Mohamadin ◽  
Milla-Armila Asli ◽  
Bebe Norlita Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Electrochemical Treatment ◽  
Chemical Oxidation

Heavy metal ions contamination has become more serious which is caused by the releasing of toxic water from industrial area and landfill that are very harmful to all living organism especially human and can even cause death if contaminated in small amount of heavy metal concentration. Currently, peoples are using classic method namely electrochemical treatment, chemical oxidation/reduction, chemical precipitation and reverse osmosis to eliminate the metal ions from toxic water. Unfortunately, these methods are costly and not environmentally friendly as compared to bioadsorption method, where agricultural waste is used as biosorbent to remove heavy metals. Two types of agricultural waste used in this research namely oil palm mesocarp fiber (Elaesis guineensis sp.) (OPMF) and mangrove bark (Rhizophora apiculate sp.) (MB) biomass. Through chemical treatment, the removal efficiency was found to improve. The removal efficiency is examined based on four specification namely dosage, of biosorbent to adsorb four types of metals ion explicitly nickel, lead, copper, and chromium. The research has found that the removal efficiency of MB was lower than OPMF; whereas, the multiple metals ions removal efficiency decreased in the order of Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Cr2+.

The size of extracellular vesicles secreted by different types of stem cells

2018 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
И.Б. Алчинова ◽  
М.В. Полякова ◽  
И.Н. Сабурина ◽  
М.Ю. Карганов
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Rat Adipose Tissue ◽  
Almost All

Механизм терапевтического действия мультипотентных мезенхимных стволовых клеток (ММСК) на облученный организм в последнее время вызывает повышенный интерес исследователей. В качестве активного участника паракринного механизма реализации этого эффекта предлагают рассматривать внеклеточные везикулы, секретируемые практически всеми клетками живого организма. Цель работы: выделить и охарактеризовать внеклеточные везикулы, продуцируемые стволовыми клетками различной природы. Материалы и методы. Суспензии внеклеточных везикул, выделенных по модифицированному протоколу дифференциального центрифугирования из культуральных жидкостей от культур ММСК костного мозга человека 2-го пассажа и ММСК жировой ткани крысы 4-го пассажа, были проанализированы методом просвечивающей электронной микроскопии и методом анализа траекторий наночастиц. Результаты. Исследование показало наличие в обоих образцах микрочастиц размерами до и около 100 нм, однако процентное содержание частиц разных размеров в суспензии различалось для двух анализируемых типов клеток. Заключение. Полученные результаты могут свидетельствовать о специфике секреции, обусловленной клеточным типом. A mechanism of the therapeutic effect of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MMSC) on irradiated body has recently arisen much interest of researchers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by almost all cells of a living organism were suggested to actively contribute to the paracrine mechanism of this effect. The aim of the study was isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles produced by various types of stem cells. Materials and methods. Suspensions of EVs were isolated from culture media of passage 2 human bone marrow-derived MMSC and passage 4 rat adipose tissue-derived MMSC using a modified protocol of differential centrifugation and then studied using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Results. The study showed the presence of microparticles with a size of >100 nm in the examined samples. However, the percent content of particles with different sizes in the suspension was different in two analyzed types of cell culture. Conclusion. The study results might reflect a specificity of secretion determined by the cell type.

Quantification of Biological Resistance: Introducing a Unifying Unit and Scale of Resistance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Fullybright
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Absolute Quantification ◽  
Biological Resistance ◽  
The Third ◽  
Exact Measurement ◽  
Unit Function ◽  
Third Law ◽  
Accurate Quantification

Accurate quantification of biological resistance has been impossible so far. Among the various forms of biological resistance which exist in nature, pathogen resistance to drugs is a familiar one. However, as in the case of other forms of resistance, accurately quantifying drug resistance in pathogens has been impossible up to now. Here, we introduce a mathematically-defined and uniform procedure for the absolute quantification of biological resistance deployed by any living organism in the biological realm, including and beyond drug resistance in medicine. The scheme introduced makes possible the exact measurement or computation of the extent to which resistance is deployed by any living organism regardless of kingdom and regardless of the mechanism of resistance involved. Furthermore, the Second Law of Resistance indicating that resistance has the potential to increase to infinite levels, and the Third Law of Resistance indicating that resistance comes to an end once interaction stops, the resistance unit function introduced here is fully compatible with both the Second and Third Laws of Resistance.

Recent Developments in CE-MS Based Metabolomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Çelebier ◽  
Merve Nenni
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Ionic Compounds ◽  
Recent Sample ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Endogenous Metabolites ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Background: Metabolomics has gained importance in clinical applications over the last decade. Metabolomics studies are significant because the systemic metabolome is directly affected by disease conditions. Metabolome-based biomarkers are actively being developed for early diagnosis and to indicate the stage of specific diseases. Additionally, understanding the effect of an intervention on a living organism at the molecular level is a crucial strategy for understanding novel or unexpected biological processes. Results: The simultaneous improvements in advanced analytical techniques, sample preparation techniques, computer technology, and databank contents has enabled more valuable scientific information to be gained from metabolomics than ever before. With over 15,000 known endogenous metabolites, there is no single analytical technique capable of analyzing the whole metabolome. However, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is a unique technique used to analyze an important portion of metabolites not accessible by liquid chromatography or gas chromatography techniques. The analytical capability of CE, combined with recent sample preparation techniques focused on extracting polar-ionic compounds, make CE-MS a perfect technique for metabolomic studies. Conclusion: Here, previous reviews of CE-MS based metabolomics are evaluated to highlight recent improvements in this technique. Specifically, we review papers from the last two years (2018 and 2019) on CE-MS based metabolomics. The current situation and the challenges facing metabolomic studies are discussed to reveal the high potential of CE-MS for further studies, especially in biomarker development studies.

Identification of Essential Proteins in Yeast Using Mean Weighted Average and Recursive Feature Elimination

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sivagnanam Rajamanickam Mani Sekhar ◽  
Siddesh Gaddadevara Matt ◽  
Sunilkumar S. Manvi ◽  
Srinivasa Krishnarajanagar Gopalalyengar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Design ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Recursive Feature Elimination ◽  
Protein Interaction Data ◽  
Essential Proteins ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Better Than

Background: Essential proteins are significant for drug design, cell development, and for living organism survival. A different method has been developed to predict essential proteins by using topological feature, and biological features. Objective: Still it is a challenging task to predict essential proteins effectively and timely, as the availability of protein protein interaction data depends on network correctness. Methods: In the proposed solution, two approaches Mean Weighted Average and Recursive Feature Elimination is been used to predict essential proteins and compared to select the best one. In Mean Weighted Average consecutive slot data to be taken into aggregated count, to get the nearest value which considered as prescription for the best proteins for the slot, where as in Recursive Feature Elimination method whole data is spilt into different slots and essential protein for each slot is determined. Results: The result shows that the accuracy using Recursive Feature Elimination is at-least nine percentages superior when compared to Mean Weighted Average and Betweenness centrality. Conclusion: Essential proteins are made of genes which are essential for living being survival and drug design. Different approaches have been proposed to anticipate essential proteins using either experimental or computation methods. The experimental result show that the proposed work performs better than other approaches.

Structure of the Living Organism

BMJ ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 2 (4673) ◽  
pp. 258-258
Keyword(s):  
Living Organism

The living organism: evolutionary design or an accident

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roterman Irena ◽  
Konieczny Leszek
Keyword(s):  
Living Organism ◽  
Evolutionary Design ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Evolutionary Progress ◽  
Biological Program

AbstractThe presented work discusses some evolutionary phenomena underlining the complexity of organism creation and surprisingly the short evolutionary time of this process in particular. Uncommonness of this process ensued from the necessary simultaneous combining of highly complicated biological mechanisms, of which some were generated independently before the direct evolutionary demand. This in conclusion points to still not fully understood biological program ensuring superiority of the permanent evolutionary progress over effects of purely random mutational changes as the driving mechanism in evolution.

scholarly journals Proteome Profiling of PMJ2-R and Primary Peritoneal Macrophages

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6323
Author(s):  
Alexander L. Rusanov ◽  
Peter M. Kozhin ◽  
Olga V. Tikhonova ◽  
Victor G. Zgoda ◽  
Dmitry S. Loginov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Essential Proteins ◽  
Comparative Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Immortalized Cell ◽  
The Individual

In vitro models are often used for studying macrophage functions, including the process of phagocytosis. The application of primary macrophages has limitations associated with the individual characteristics of animals, which can lead to insufficient standardization and higher variability of the obtained results. Immortalized cell lines do not have these disadvantages, but their responses to various signals can differ from those of the living organism. In the present study, a comparative proteomic analysis of immortalized PMJ2-R cell line and primary peritoneal macrophages isolated from C57BL/6 mice was performed. A total of 4005 proteins were identified, of which 797 were quantified. Obtained results indicate significant differences in the abundances of many proteins, including essential proteins associated with the process of phagocytosis, such as Elmo1, Gsn, Hspa8, Itgb1, Ncf2, Rac2, Rack1, Sirpa, Sod1, C3, and Msr1. These findings indicate that outcomes of studies utilizing PMJ2-R cells as a model of peritoneal macrophages should be carefully validated. All MS data are deposited in ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD022133.

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