Health Impact of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Drinking Water: Potential for Human and Environmental Risk

2014 ◽  
pp. 110-121
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Pharmaceuticals In The Environment

scholarly journals Is fecal contamination of drinking water after collection associated with household water handling and hygiene practices? A study of urban slum households in Hyderabad, India

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayasheel Eshcol ◽  
Prasanta Mahapatra ◽  
Sarita Keshapagu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Water Handling ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Storage Containers

Water-borne illness, primarily caused by fecal contamination of drinking water, is a major health burden in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Currently drinking water is treated at the reservoir level and supplied on alternate days, necessitating storage in households for up to 48 hrs. We hypothesized that fecal contamination occurs principally during storage due to poor water handling. In this study we tested for coliform bacteria in water samples collected at distribution points as household storage containers were filled, and then tested containers in the same households 24–36 hours after collection. We also conducted an observational survey to make an assessment of water handling and hygiene. Ninety-two percent (47/51) of samples tested at supply points were adequately chlorinated and bacterial contamination was found in two samples with no residual chlorine. Samples collected from household storage containers showed an increase in contamination in 18/50 houses (36%). Households with contaminated stored samples did not show significant differences in demographics, water handling, hygiene practices, or sanitation. Nevertheless, the dramatic increase in contamination after collection indicates that until an uninterrupted water supply is possible, the point at which the biggest health impact can be made is at the household level.

Health Impact Evaluation of Boron in Drinking Water: A Geographical Risk Assessment in Northern France

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadi Yazbeck ◽  
Wolfram Kloppmann ◽  
Roger Cottier ◽  
Josiane Sahuquillo ◽  
Ginette Debotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Northern France

Health Impact of Community Based Water Treatment Systems in Honduras

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Jeffery Deal
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Health Organization

The United Nations Millennium Development Goal Number 7 states that it wants to "Halve, by 2015 the proportion of the population (global) without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation" (United Nations 2010). Most waterborne diseases result in diarrhea, which continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to World Health Organization data, if existing technologies were widely used, ten percent of the worldwide burden of disease would be removed by the water supply, sanitation, hygiene, and management of water resources. This estimate makes water related diseases arguably the most manageable set of health problems affecting humans (Prüss-Üstün et al. 2008).

Novel bacterial strains for the removal of microcystins from drinking water

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1137-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Lawton ◽  
A. Welgamage ◽  
P. M. Manage ◽  
C. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Successful Isolation ◽  
The World ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Significant Health

Microcystins (MC) and nodularin (NOD) are common contaminants of drinking water around the world and due to their significant health impact it is important to explore suitable approaches for their removal. Unfortunately, these toxins are not always removed by conventional water treatments. One of the most exciting areas that hold promise for a successful and cost effective solution is bioremediation of microcystins. Recent work resulted in successful isolation and characterisation of 10 novel bacterial strains (Rhodococcus sp., Arthrobacter spp. and Brevibacterium sp.) capable of metabolizing microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in a Biolog MT2 assay. The work presented here aims to further investigate and evaluate the metabolism and the degradation of multiple microcystins (MC-LR, MC-LF, MC-LY, MC-LW and MC-RR) and nodularin by the bacterial isolates. A total of five bacterial isolates representing the three genera were evaluated using Biolog MT2 assay with a range of MCs where they all demonstrated an overall metabolism on all MCs and NOD. Subsequently, the results were confirmed by observing the degradation of the range of toxins in a separate batch experiment.

Quantification of Melamine in Drinking Water and Wastewater by Micellar Liquid Chromatography

2013 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 870-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Beltrán-Martinavarro ◽  
Juan Peris-Vicente ◽  
Maria Rambla-Alegre ◽  
Sergio Marco-Peiró ◽  
Josep Esteve-Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Retention Factor ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Micellar Liquid Chromatography ◽  
World Health ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Water And Wastewater

Abstract Because of the large potential health impact caused by deliberate contamination with the synthetic chemical melamine of different products for human and animal consumption, the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations provided a range of recommendations in order to facilitate obtaining needed data, among which was the determination of the background levels of melamine in drinking water and wastewater (December 4, 2008). A chromatographic procedure using a C18 column, a micellar mobile phase consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.1 M), and 1-propanol (7.5%) buffered at pH 3, and detection by absorbance at 210 nm is reported in this paper for the quantification of melamine in drinking water and wastewater. Samples were filtered and directly injected into the chromatographic system, thus avoiding an extraction procedure. The optimal mobile phase composition was obtained by a chemometrics approach that considered the retention factor, efficiency, and peak shape. Melamine was eluted in about 6.2 min without interferences. Validation was performed following U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The analytical parameters studied were linearity (0.03–5 μg/mL, R2 = 0.998), LOD (13 ng/mL), intraday and interday accuracy (between 4.1 and 12.2%), intraday and interday precision (less than 14.8%), and robustness (RSD < 5.1% for retention time and <9.0% for area). The proposed methodology was successfully applied for analysis of local wastewater and drinking water, in which no melamine was found.

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