Variable Lymphocyte Receptor-Based Adaptive Immunity in the Agnathan Sea Lamprey

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Parsons ◽  
Justin Chan ◽  
Heng Sun ◽  
Götz Ehrhardt
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Variable Lymphocyte Receptor

scholarly journals Novel lamprey antibody recognizes terminal sulfated galactose epitopes on mammalian glycoproteins

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya R. McKitrick ◽  
Steffen M. Bernard ◽  
Alexander J. Noll ◽  
Bernard C. Collins ◽  
Christoffer K. Goth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Isothermal Calorimetry ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Terminal Galactose ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
Microarray Analyses ◽  
Variable Lymphocyte Receptor

AbstractThe terminal galactose residues of N- and O-glycans in animal glycoproteins are often sialylated and/or fucosylated, but sulfation, such as 3-O-sulfated galactose (3-O-SGal), represents an additional, but poorly understood modification. To this end, we have developed a novel sea lamprey variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) termed O6 to explore 3-O-SGal expression. O6 was engineered as a recombinant murine IgG chimera and its specificity and affinity to the 3-O-SGal epitope was defined using a variety of approaches, including glycan and glycoprotein microarray analyses, isothermal calorimetry, ligand-bound crystal structure, FACS, and immunohistochemistry of human tissue macroarrays. 3-O-SGal is expressed on N-glycans of many plasma and tissue glycoproteins, but recognition by O6 is often masked by sialic acid and thus exposed by treatment with neuraminidase. O6 recognizes many human tissues, consistent with expression of the cognate sulfotransferases (GAL3ST-2 and GAL3ST-3). The availability of O6 for exploring 3-O-SGal expression could lead to new biomarkers for disease and aid in understanding the functional roles of terminal modifications of glycans and relationships between terminal sulfation, sialylation and fucosylation.

scholarly journals Detection and Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Using Non-conventional Variable Lymphocyte Receptor Antibodies of the Evolutionarily Distant Sea Lamprey

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Y. T. Leung ◽  
Srijit Khan ◽  
Patrick Budylowski ◽  
Zhijie Li ◽  
Sofiya Goroshko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Clinical Diagnostic ◽  
Receptor Antibodies ◽  
Variable Lymphocyte Receptor

SARS-CoV-2 is a newly emerged betacoronavirus and the causative agent for the COVID-19 pandemic. Antibodies recognizing the viral spike protein are instrumental in natural and vaccine-induced immune responses to the pathogen and in clinical diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Unlike conventional immunoglobulins, the variable lymphocyte receptor antibodies of jawless vertebrates are structurally distinct, indicating that they may recognize different epitopes. Here we report the isolation of monoclonal variable lymphocyte receptor antibodies from immunized sea lamprey larvae that recognize the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 but not of other coronaviruses. We further demonstrate that these monoclonal variable lymphocyte receptor antibodies can efficiently neutralize the virus and form the basis of a rapid, single step SARS-CoV-2 detection system. This study provides evidence for monoclonal variable lymphocyte receptor antibodies as unique biomedical research and potential clinical diagnostic reagents targeting SARS-CoV-2.

Evolution of variable lymphocyte receptor B antibody loci in jawless vertebrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (50) ◽  
pp. e2116522118
Author(s):  
Sabyasachi Das ◽  
Jonathan P. Rast ◽  
Jianxu Li ◽  
Mitsutaka Kadota ◽  
John A. Donald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Antigen Recognition ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Gene Assembly ◽  
Intervening Sequences ◽  
Genomic Clusters ◽  
Variable Lymphocyte Receptor ◽  
Lamprey Species

Three types of variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) genes, VLRA, VLRB, and VLRC, encode antigen recognition receptors in the extant jawless vertebrates, lampreys and hagfish. The somatically diversified repertoires of these VLRs are generated by serial stepwise copying of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) sequences into an incomplete germline VLR gene. Lymphocytes that express VLRA or VLRC are T cell–like, while VLRB-expressing cells are B cell–like. Here, we analyze the composition of the VLRB locus in different jawless vertebrates to elucidate its configuration and evolutionary modification. The incomplete germline VLRB genes of two hagfish species contain short noncoding intervening sequences, whereas germline VLRB genes in six representative lamprey species have much longer intervening sequences that exhibit notable genomic variation. Genomic clusters of potential LRR cassette donors, fragments of which are copied to complete VLRB gene assembly, are identified in Japanese lamprey and sea lamprey. In the sea lamprey, 428 LRR cassettes are located in five clusters spread over a total of 1.7 Mbp of chromosomal DNA. Preferential usage of the different donor cassettes for VLRB assemblage is characterized in our analysis, which reveals evolutionary modifications of the lamprey VLRB genes, elucidates the organization of the complex VLRB locus, and provides a comprehensive catalog of donor VLRB cassettes in sea lamprey and Japanese lamprey.

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