Coastal Marine Biodiversity Challenges and Threats

2013 ◽  
pp. 51-75 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Coastal Marine

scholarly journals Achieving sustainable coastal environment in Langkawi, Malaysia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazlin Mokhtar ◽  
Minhaz Farid Ahmed ◽  
Khai Ern Lee ◽  
Lubna Alam ◽  
Choo Ta Goh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Coastal Environment ◽  
Coastal Pollution ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Spanish Mackerel ◽  
Coastal Marine

Despite many good policies and institutions, the coastal environment of Langkawi continues to deteriorate. This could be due to lack of effective governance as well as unregulated waste discharge. Evidences collected from the literature during 1996 to 2013 also revealed a significant increase in the concentrations of Zn (R2 = 0.78) and Pb (R2 = 0.12) in the sediment. This appears to be the result of large volume of terrestrial runoff that brings these metals originating from extensive anthropogenic activities. It is a vital indicator of coastal pollution. It is a matter of concern that in many cases Pb concentration in the sediment exceeded the world average value 20 μg/g as well as Canadian Interim Sediment Quality Standard of 35 μg/g for the coastal areas. Similarly, the metal pollution index (MPI) measured over a period of 2007 to 2009 in fish also indicated an increasing trend of pollution in Langkawi. The maximum MPI value (4.87) was recorded in Spanish mackerel. Since pollution of coastal environment has serious implications for marine biodiversity and health of seafood consumers, measures are required to address this problem. Use of constructed wetland might be effective in reducing the coastal pollution as this will filter the effluent and waste before their mixing with the coastal water. Furthermore, enabling the stakeholders to play the environmental stewardship role will ensure better governance of coastal ecosystem and effective implementation of policies, envisaging an improved monitoring of waste/effluent discharge into the coastal marine environment. These measures are among the actions necessary for achieving a sustainable coastal environment of Langkawi.

scholarly journals Geographic patterns of biodiversity in European coastal marine benthos

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman Hummel ◽  
Pim Van Avesaath ◽  
Sander Wijnhoven ◽  
Loran Kleine-Schaars ◽  
Steven Degraer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
The Cost

Within the COST action EMBOS (European Marine Biodiversity Observatory System) the degree and variation of the diversity and densities of soft-bottom communities from the lower intertidal or the shallow subtidal was measured at 28 marine sites along the European coastline (Baltic, Atlantic, Mediterranean) using jointly agreed and harmonized protocols, tools and indicators. The hypothesis tested was that the diversity for all taxonomic groups would decrease with increasing latitude. The EMBOS system delivered accurate and comparable data on the diversity and densities of the soft sediment macrozoobenthic community over a large-scale gradient along the European coastline. In contrast to general biogeographic theory, species diversity showed no linear relationship with latitude, yet a bell-shaped relation was found. The diversity and densities of benthos were mostly positively correlated with environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, mud and organic matter content in sediment, or wave height, and related with location characteristics such as system type (lagoons, estuaries, open coast) or stratum (intertidal, subtidal). For some relationships, a maximum (e.g. temperature from 15–20°C; mud content of sediment around 40%) or bimodal curve (e.g. salinity) was found. In lagoons the densities were twice higher than in other locations, and at open coasts the diversity was much lower than in other locations. We conclude that latitudinal trends and regional differences in diversity and densities are strongly influenced by, i.e. merely the result of, particular sets and ranges of environmental factors and location characteristics specific to certain areas, such as the Baltic, with typical salinity clines (favouring insects) and the Mediterranean, with higher temperatures (favouring crustaceans). Therefore, eventual trends with latitude are primarily indirect and so can be overcome by local variation of environmental factors.

COASTAL MARINE BIODIVERSITY OF VIETNAM: CURRENT PROBLEM

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Lutaenko ◽  
Konstantin Lutaenko
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Marine Biology ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Coastal Zone Management ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Species Introduction ◽  
Zone Management ◽  
Coastal Marine

A brief overview of the coastal biodiversity of Vietnam based on surveys conducted by the A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences for last 35 years. Main problems related to threats to biodiversity are discussed on the example of the intertidal communities, coral reefs, and molluscan diversity. Threats to marine biodiversity in Vietnam are summarized as follows: habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss (especially important are mangrove forest destruction, loss of coral reefs, change in landscape mosaic of wetland, estuary, sand and mud flats); global climate change including sea level rise, storm events, rainfall pattern change, warming of the coastal ocean; effects of fishing and other forms of overexploitation; pollution and marine litter; species introduction/invasions; physical alterations of coasts; tourism. Consolidated data of Vietnamese and Russian researchers on biodiversity and coastal zone management can be used in interpretations of ecosystem changes and for development of recommendations for local/national decision-makers.

scholarly journals Potential impacts of marine urbanization on benthic macrofaunal diversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyosuke Momota ◽  
Shinya Hosokawa
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Intertidal Flat ◽  
Functional Composition ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Species Overlap ◽  
Coastal Sea

AbstractUrbanization and associated human activities have caused numerous changes to natural environments, including the loss of natural habitats and replacement with artificial structures. How these changes impact coastal marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is not well known. In this study, we examined the potential impacts of habitat changes by comparing species commonality and community structure (i.e., species richness, abundance, and functional composition) among artificial (a breakwater wall) and natural habitats (eelgrass bed, intertidal flat, and subtidal bottom) within a semi-enclosed coastal sea impacted by marine urbanization. We found considerable species overlap (i.e., high species sharing) among the eelgrass bed, intertidal flat, and subtidal bottom habitats. By contrast, the breakwater wall was a distinctive habitat with little overlap in species and functional groups with the other habitats, and was therefore a poor substitute for natural habitats. Our study suggests that marine urbanization degrades redundancy and inhibits the maintenance of biodiversity in coastal marine zones.

scholarly journals Influence of the Intrinsic Characteristics of Cementitious Materials on Biofouling in the Marine Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2625
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Hayek ◽  
Marie Salgues ◽  
Jean-Claude Souche ◽  
Etienne Cunge ◽  
Cyril Giraudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ecological Engineering ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Concrete Surface ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
The Face

Coastal marine ecosystems provide essential benefits and services to humanity, but many are rapidly degrading. Human activities are leading to significant land take along coastlines and to major changes in ecosystems. Ecological engineering tools capable of promoting large-scale restoration of coastal ecosystems are needed today in the face of intensifying climatic stress and human activities. Concrete is one of the materials most commonly used in the construction of coastal and marine infrastructure. Immersed in seawater, concretes are rapidly colonized by microorganisms and macroorganisms. Surface colonization and subsequent biofilm and biofouling formation provide numerous advantages to these organisms and support critical ecological and biogeochemical functions in the changing marine environment. The new challenge of the 21st century is to develop innovative concretes that, in addition to their usual properties, provide improved bioreceptivity in order to enhance marine biodiversity. The aim of this study is to master and clarify the intrinsic parameters that influence the bioreceptivity (biocolonization) of cementitious materials in the marine environment. By coupling biofilm (culture-based methods) and biofouling (image-analysis-based method and wet-/dry-weight biomass measurement) quantification techniques, this study showed that the application of a curing compound to the concrete surface reduced the biocolonization of cementitious materials in seawater, whereas green formwork oil had the opposite effect. This study also found that certain surface conditions (faceted and patterned surface, rough surface) promote the bacterial and macroorganism colonization of cementitious materials. Among the parameters examined, surface roughness proved to be the factor that promotes biocolonization most effectively. These results could be taken up in future recommendations to enable engineers to eco-design more eco-friendly marine infrastructure and develop green-engineering projects.

scholarly journals Genomic Biorepository of Coastal Marine Species in Estero Padre Ramos and Estero Real, Nicaragua

Encuentro ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 6-18
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Huete-Pérez ◽  
Eduardo Mendoza-Ramírez ◽  
Lucía Páiz-Medina
Keyword(s):  
Marine Species ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Biodiversity Database ◽  
Northern Pacific ◽  
Sandy Sediments ◽  
The University

Nicaragua, located in southern Mesoamerica between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, has acted as a land bridge for flora and fauna migrating between North and South America during the last 3 million years. Because of Nicaragua’s location and history, it is rich in terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity. To study this biodiversity and preserve it for the future, Nicaragua’s Molecular Biology Center at the University of Central America (CBM-UCA) created the Genomic Biorepository Project. The Project collects and catalogs coastal marine biodiversity in the Estero Real and Padre Ramos estuaries, located in Nicaragua’s northern Pacific region.The biorepository holds more than three thousand tissue and genomic specimens, comprising 1,049 samples (714 specimens from Estero Padre Ramos and 335 from Estero Real) belonging to 100 species and 54 families, genomic extracts in triplicates for every sample collected and environmental sandy sediments representing 60 different sites. Changes in the biological composition of the region were documentedas compared to previous sampling. Of the 1,049 samples obtained from the two estuaries, 30 new residents were recorded in Estero Real, and 19 in Estero Padre Ramos. The Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene was sequenced for a number of species, including 19 fish species, and published to public databases (BOLD SYSTEMS). The records contained in the genomic biorepository here described lay the foundation for the most complete marine biodiversity database in Nicaragua and is made available to national and international specialists, facilitating knowledge of Nicaraguan biodiversity.

scholarly journals Highly divergent mussel lineages in isolated Indonesian marine lakes

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leontine E. Becking ◽  
Christiaan A. de Leeuw ◽  
Bram Knegt ◽  
Diede L. Maas ◽  
Nicole J. de Voogd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Shell Shape ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Marine Lakes ◽  
Founder Populations

Marine lakes, with populations in landlocked seawater and clearly delineated contours, have the potential to provide a unique model to study early stages of evolution in coastal marine taxa. Here we ask whether populations of the musselBrachidontesfrom marine lakes in Berau, East Kalimantan (Indonesia) are isolated from each other and from the coastal mangrove systems. We analyzed sequence data of one mitochondrial marker (Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI)), and two nuclear markers (18S and 28S). In addition, we examined shell shape using a geometric morphometric approach. The Indonesian populations ofBrachidontesspp. harbored four deeply diverged lineages (14–75% COI corrected net sequence divergence), two of which correspond to previously recorded lineages from marine lakes in Palau, 1,900 km away. These four lineages also showed significant differences in shell shape and constitute a species complex of at least four undescribed species. Each lake harbored a different lineage despite the fact that the lakes are separated from each other by only 2–6 km, while the two mangrove populations, at 20 km distance from each other, harbored the same lineage and shared haplotypes. Marine lakes thus represent isolated habitats. As each lake contained unique within lineage diversity (0.1–0.2%), we suggest that this may have resulted fromin situdivergence due to isolation of founder populations after the formation of the lakes (6,000–12,000 years before present). Combined effects of stochastic processes, local adaptation and increased evolutionary rates could produce high levels of differentiation in small populations such as in marine lake environments. Such short-term isolation at small spatial scales may be an important contributing factor to the high marine biodiversity that is found in the Indo-Australian Archipelago.

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