Radiographic Interpretation of Horses with Clinical Signs of Infection or Joint Disease

2005 ◽  
pp. 27-46
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Radiographic Interpretation

Lesions of the Biceps Tendon Diagnosis and Classification

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 188-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bardet
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Shoulder Arthroscopy ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Biceps Tendon ◽  
Adhesive Capsulitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Biceps Tendon Rupture

SummaryThis paper presents the clinical signs, radiographic and arthroscopic findings in 23 dogs and a cat having a lesion of the biceps tendon. Several conditions were recognized: partial or complete rupture; avulsion of the biceps tendon from the supraglenoid tubercle, tendinitis, mid-substance tear, bipartite tendon, dislocations and tenosynovitis of the bicipital tendon. Osteoarthritis of the shoulder joint was seen in 84% of the cases and osteophytosis of the bicipital groove was recognized in 38%. Biceps tendon rupture was associated with shoulder joint instability 76% of the time. Shoulder arthroscopy is a very reliable diagnostic method allowing direct visualization of intra-articular pathologies.In man, the tendon of the biceps brachii is the proverbial stepchild of the shoulder. It has been blamed for numerous painful conditions of the shoulder from arthritis to adhesive capsulitis. Kessell described the tendon as “somewhat of a maverick, easy to inculpate but difficult to condemn (1). Its function has been often misunderstood. It has been tenodesed, translocated, pulled through drill holes in the humeral head, and debrided with an arthroscope, oftentimes with marginal results”. Lippmann likened the biceps tendon to the appendix: “An unimportant vestigial structure unless something goes wrong with it” (2). Neer II has stressed the fact that 95 to 98 per cent of patients with a diagnosis of biceps tendinitis have, in reality, a primary diagnosis of impingement syndrome with secondary involvement of the biceps tendon (3). He has condemned routine biceps tenodesis.The veterinary literature on the biceps tendon in dogs is sparse (4-8). Tenosynovitis of the biceps tendon is “a common cause of forelimb lameness in medium and large breed dogs” (7). “Definitive diagnosis of bicipital tenosynovitis is often not possible, and the diagnosis is backed into by eliminating other causes of lameness. Proof of the diagnosis often depends on response to treatment” (7). There are not any reviews of cases of rupture of the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle except for anecdotal case reports (7). Arthrography has been described as diagnostic of rupture (10, 11). Calcifying tendinopathy of the biceps tendon was seen on radiographic views of the scapulohumeral joint in four dogs (9). Twodimensional real-time ultrasonography was found helpful in the diagnosis of strain of the infraspinatus muscle in a dog (12).This paper reviews the pertinent anatomy, explains the function of the biceps tendon, and presents a review of current concepts on the diagnosis of lesions of the biceps tendon.The author presents the clinical signs, radiographic and arthroscopic finding of the disorders of the biceps tendon seen in 25 shoulders. All biceps tendon lesions may be classified in one of the six subtypes. Partial or complete tears are the most frequent pathology. Degenerative joint disease is seen in 84% of the shoulders.

scholarly journals Degenerative joint disease in cattle and buffaloes in the Amazon region: a retrospective study

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 845-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Diomedes Barbosa ◽  
Danillo Henrique S. Lima ◽  
Alessandra S. Belo-Reis ◽  
Cleyton P. Pinheiro ◽  
Melina G.S. Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Postural Changes ◽  
Progressive Weight Loss

A retrospective study of the epidemiological and clinic-pathological aspects of cattle and buffaloes with degenerative joint disease (DJD) was conducted in the state of Pará, Brazil. From 1999 to 2014, eleven cattle and 24 buffaloes were evaluated. All the treated animals with suspected DJD underwent a clinical examination of the musculoskeletal system. In seven cattle and eight buffaloes with clinical signs of the disease postmortem examination was performed. The common clinical signs observed in both species were chronic lameness, stiff gait, postural changes, audible crackles in the affected limb, prolonged recumbency, difficulty in getting up and progressive weight loss. The lesions observed at necropsy were: irregular articular surfaces, erosion of the articular cartilage and the underlying bone tissue, and proliferation of the periarticular bone tissue with formation of osteophytes. The most affected joints in cattle and buffaloes wereof the hind limb. In buffaloes, the main predisposing factor to the onset of DJD was phosphorus deficiency. In cattle, defects of the anatomical conformation of the hind limbs, chronic trauma due to the activities performed, such as semen collection, and advanced age possibly contributed to the emergence of the disease.

scholarly journals The pathophysiology and medical management of canine osteoarthritis : continuing education

1997 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Vaughan-Scott ◽  
J.H. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Continuing Education ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cartilage Degeneration ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Joint Cartilage ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Gradual Onset ◽  
Joint Surfaces ◽  
Canine Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease is a condition characterised by degeneration of articular cartilage often associated with the formation of new bone at joint surfaces or margins. Commonly encountered in dogs, osteoarthritis may have a gradual onset, but may also occur acutely. Osteoarthritis can be a primary disease of joint cartilage, but is more often secondary to abnormal stresses on joints. This article describes the pathogenesis and progression of cartilage degeneration as well as the dietary, lifestyle and pharmacological management of osteoarthritis. Recent pharmacological developments allow the clinician not only to control clinical signs of the disease, but also to slow the progression of cartilage degeneration.

scholarly journals The Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine 2LARTH® Reduces Inflammation and Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis In Vivo

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Floris ◽  
Víctor García-González ◽  
Belen Palomares ◽  
Kurt Appel ◽  
Beatrice Lejeune
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Joint Destruction ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Score ◽  
Type Ii Collagen ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Paw Edema

Background. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease, which can cause cartilage and bone damages as well as pain and disability. In order to prevent disease progression, reduce pain, and major symptoms of RA, one good strategy consists in targeting proinflammatory cytokines that have the key role in the vicious circle of synovial inflammation and pain. The micro-immunotherapy medicine (MIM) 2LARTH® targets cytokines involved in inflammation. Aim. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of the MIM compared to vehicle in an in vivo model of RA, induced in mice after immunization with articular bovine type II collagen. Methods. Vehicle and MIM were dissolved in pure water (1 capsule in 100 ml) and 100 µl was given by gavage daily for 14 days. To evaluate the severity of arthritis, wrist and ankle thickness was determined, paw edema was measured, and a clinical score from 0 to 4 was established. Furthermore, histological analysis was performed. To evaluate systemic inflammation, circulating levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. Results. Ankle thickness was found to be significantly reduced in MIM-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated mice (P<0.05) and compared to untreated me (P<0.01). Paw edema was reduced, as well as clinical score attributed to MIM-treated mice in comparison with vehicle-treated mice and untreated CIA mice (P<0.01). In line with these results, histological analysis confirmed that MIM reduced inflammation and joint destruction in comparison to controls. No significant changes were found in plasmatic IL-1β levels between CIA and controls, while the levels of TNF-α significantly increased in the CIA group, and were lowered in MIM-treated mice (P<0.05 vs. vehicle and vs. CIA). Conclusion. The results indicate that the tested medicine reduces inflammation, histological, and clinical signs of RA in a CIA model.

scholarly journals Arthroscopical treatment of elbow joint disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M.F. Rezende ◽  
E.G. Melo ◽  
C. Malm ◽  
V.A. Gheller
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Osteochondritis Dissecans ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Arthroscopic Treatment ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Elbow Arthroscopy ◽  
Medial Condyle ◽  
Clinical Recovery

Elbow arthroscopy was performed in 30 dogs of different breeds. The procedure was performed bilaterally in 20 of these dogs, yielding a total of 50 joints. Different lesions were found, varying from cartilage fissures (8) to fragmentation (42) of medial coronoid process (FCP) of the ulna. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the humerus medial condyle was associated in four of them. All of these cases displayed varying degrees of synovitis. Osteoarthrosis (OA) in varying intensity was observed in 44 joints. The majority of cases were treated two to four months after the manifestation of clinical signs. Good clinical recovery occurred in dogs with minimal joint lesions, where these were diagnosed and treated within four weeks of the onset of clinical symptoms. Early diagnosis and arthroscopic treatment prevent osteoarthrosis and preserve locomotor function.

CPD article: Radiographic interpretation of the navicular bone: a review

UK-Vet Equine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 136-143
Author(s):  
Frances Hinkle ◽  
Myra Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Navicular Bone ◽  
Radiographic Interpretation ◽  
Distal Border ◽  
Navicular Syndrome ◽  
Equine Industry

Navicular syndrome (navicular disease) plays a major role in the equine industry as a chronic, degenerative, and often career-limiting disease process, affecting a variety of breeds of horses. In addition to clinical signs and diagnostic analgesia, diagnostic imaging plays a key role in the identification of this disease process; radiography is the most widely used imaging modality. In addition to their clinical utility, foot radiographs are a standard element of most pre-purchase examinations. Good radiographic quality and positioning are necessary for accurate interpretation. Radiographic lesions of the navicular bone, such as sclerosis, enlarged synovial invaginations, distal border fragments and flexor cortical erosions, are important to identify and understand because of their potential role in the disease process. This article reviews an approach to radiological evaluation and interpretation of lesions affecting the navicular bone.

scholarly journals Clinical and diagnostic imaging findings in police working dogs referred for hip osteoarthritis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Alves ◽  
A. Santos ◽  
P. Jorge ◽  
C. Lavrador ◽  
L. Miguel Carreira
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Hip Osteoarthritis ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Working Dogs ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most commonly diagnosed joint disease in veterinary medicine, with at least 80% of the cases of lameness and joint diseases in companion animals being classified as OA. Sporting and working animals are more predisposed to develop OA since they are exposed to chronic fatigue injuries, leading to bone and muscular tissue damage and failure, resulting in clinical signs. To characterize the clinical signs and diagnostic findings of Police working dogs presenting with bilateral hip OA at the time of diagnosis. Fifty animals were evaluated with a bodyweight ≥ 15 kg, be older than two years, and without any medication or nutritional supplements for ≥ 6 weeks. Results Weight distribution, joint range of motion at flexion and extension, thigh girth, digital thermography, and radiographic signs were collected. Data from different Clinical Metrology Instruments (CMI) were collected: Canine Brief Pain Inventory, Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs, Canine Orthopedic Index, and the Hudson Visual Analogue Scale. Results were compared by breed, age, sex, and Orthopaedic Foundation for Animals hip grades with the Independent Samples T-Test, ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post hoc test, and Pearson correlation coefficient, with p < 0.05. The sample included 30 males and 20 females, with a mean age of 6.5 ± 2.4 years and a bodyweight of 26.7 ± 5.2 kg. Animals with weight distribution below normal levels had significant variations of joint extension and function scores. This evaluation was the only not correlated with at least one breed. Animals with caudolateral curvilinear osteophyte showed a poorer clinical presentation and worse scores in all considered CMIs. Radiographic changes correlated with age and corresponded to worse CMIs scores and weight distribution. Dutch Shepherd Dogs showed better CMI scores than the other considered breeds. Conclusions Police working dogs presented with complaints related to hip OA at an early stage of the disease. Hip scores influenced clinical presentation, with moderate cases showing lower thigh girth and worse pain interference and severity, and function scores than mild cases. Patients with severe OA had lower thermographic evaluations than patients with moderate OA. Age was the primary variable influencing considered CMI scores.

scholarly journals Degenerative Joint Damage Is Not a Risk Factor for Streptococcal Sepsis and Septic Arthritis in Mice

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 794
Author(s):  
Johann Volzke ◽  
Brigitte Müller-Hilke
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Septic Arthritis ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Joint Damage ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Morphology

Septic arthritis (SA) is an aggressive joint disorder causing invalidity and mortality. Although epidemiological studies suggest osteoarthritis (OA) as a risk factor for SA, experimental insights into the relatedness of both diseases are lacking. We therefore sought to investigate whether pre-existing OA indeed promotes SA frequency or severity. We used STR/ort mice that spontaneously develop OA and, in addition, induced OA via anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in C57BL/6J mice. Mice were infected with Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and then were monitored for clinical signs of sepsis and SA. Sepsis was confirmed via elevated inflammatory cytokines in plasma, while bone morphology was assessed by micro-computed tomography. Cartilage integrity was evaluated histologically. Mice with spontaneous OA developed life-threatening SA, with GAS only moderately affecting the femoral bone structure. Surgically induced OA neither impacted on SA incidence nor on mortality when compared to infected mice without the preceding joint disease. Furthermore, only insignificant differences in bone morphology were detected between both groups. Our data indicate that degenerative joint damage due to ACLT, by itself, does not predispose mice to SA. Hence, we propose that other factors such as prosthetic joint replacement or high age, which frequently coincide with OA, pose a risk for SA development.

Joint microwave radiometry for inflammatory arthritis assessment

Rheumatology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 839-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Laskari ◽  
George Pentazos ◽  
Despina Pitsilka ◽  
John Raftakis ◽  
George Konstantonis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Disease Activity Score ◽  
Power Doppler ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Joint Inflammation ◽  
Microwave Radiometry ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Sacroiliac Joints ◽  
Relative Temperature ◽  
Predictive Values

Abstract Objectives Increased in-depth joint temperature measured by the rapid, easy-to-perform microwave radiometry (MWR) method may reflect inflammation, even in the absence of clinical signs. We hypothesized that MWR is useful for RA and spondyloarthritis patients’ assessment. Methods Clinical examination, joint ultrasound and/or MRI and MWR were performed in two independent patient–control cohorts (n = 243). Results Among single RA joints MWR performed best in the knee using ultrasound as reference, with 75% sensitivity–73% specificity for grey-scale synovitis score ⩾2, and 80% sensitivity–82% specificity for power Doppler positivity. A stronger agreement was evident between increased knee relative temperature (Δt) and power Doppler positivity (82%) than with clinical examination (76%). In a different patient cohort with painful knees, a knee Δt ⩽0.2 predicted power Doppler positivity with 100% positive and negative predictive values. A thermo-score summing 10 Δt values of three large and seven small RA joints (elbow, knee, ankle, wrist, four hand and two foot joints of the clinically dominant arm or hand and leg or foot) correlated with ultrasound scores of synovitis/tenosynovitis (all P &lt; 0.001) and the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) (P = 0.004). The agreement of the thermo-score with ultrasound-defined joint inflammation (82%) was stronger than with DAS28 (64%). The thermo-score improved significantly after 90 days of treatment in patients with active RA at baseline (P = 0.004). Using MRI as reference, Δt of sacroiliac joints could discriminate between spondyloarthritis patients with or without sacroiliitis with 78% sensitivity–74% specificity. Conclusion In-depth increased MWR-derived joint temperature reflects both subclinical and clinically overt inflammation and may serve as a biomarker in arthritis.

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