Liver Diseases and Liver Failure

2009 ◽  
pp. 177-206
Keyword(s):  
Liver Failure ◽  
Liver Diseases

scholarly journals Metabolic Spectrum of Liver Failure in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: From NAFLD to NASH to HCC

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4495
Author(s):  
Hyunmi Kim ◽  
Da Som Lee ◽  
Tae Hyeon An ◽  
Hyun-Ju Park ◽  
Won Kon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Failure ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Liver disease is the spectrum of liver damage ranging from simple steatosis called as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Clinically, NAFLD and type 2 diabetes coexist. Type 2 diabetes contributes to biological processes driving the severity of NAFLD, the primary cause for development of chronic liver diseases. In the last 20 years, the rate of non-viral NAFLD/NASH-derived HCC has been increasing rapidly. As there are currently no suitable drugs for treatment of NAFLD and NASH, a class of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes is sometimes used to improve liver failure despite the risk of side effects. Therefore, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the development and progression of NAFLD and NASH are important issues. In this review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and NAFLD/NASH-derived HCC and the current promising pharmacological therapies of NAFLD/NASH. Further, we will provide insights into “adipose-derived adipokines” and “liver-derived hepatokines” as diagnostic and therapeutic targets from NAFLD to HCC.

scholarly journals Imaging Software-Based Sarcopenia Assessment in Gastroenterology: Evolution and Clinical Meaning

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Giovanni Marasco ◽  
Sinan Sadalla ◽  
Giulio Vara ◽  
Rita Golfieri ◽  
Davide Festi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Failure ◽  
Chronic Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Failure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Imaging ◽  
Sectional Imaging

Sarcopenia is gaining attention as a negative prognostic factor in different fields of medicine, including chronic liver failure. However, the assessment of sarcopenia in patients with liver diseases is often neglected due to unawareness of reliable tools and methods and thus is limited to research studies. Cross-sectional imaging is a diffuse diagnostic tool and is commonly performed in patients with chronic liver failure. The last advancements in radiology image analysis using dedicated software allow an easy and standardized method to assess skeletal muscle volume. Several measures can be obtained from cross-sectional imaging analysis to evaluate sarcopenia in patients affected by chronic liver disease. We aimed to review the recent advances in imaging-based sarcopenia assessment, in particular in patients with chronic liver diseases. As a result, we found that the skeletal muscle index (SMI) seems to be a reliable method to assess sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients. Even if further studies are needed to validate proper cut-offs for each clinical endpoint, physicians are invited to consider the assessment of sarcopenia in the work-up of patients with chronic liver disease.

scholarly journals Stem Cell-Related Studies and Stem Cell-Based Therapies in Liver Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1116-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Erek D. Nelson ◽  
Anan A. Abu Rmilah ◽  
Bruce P. Amiot ◽  
Scott L. Nyberg
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Failure ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Immunosuppressive Agents ◽  
End Stage Liver Disease ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
End Stage

Owing to the increasing worldwide burden of liver diseases, the crucial need for safe and effective interventions for treating end-stage liver failure has been a very productive line of inquiry in the discipline of hepatology for many years. Liver transplantation is recognized as the most effective treatment for end-stage liver disease; however, the shortage of donor organs, high medical costs, and lifelong use of immunosuppressive agents represent major drawbacks and demand exploration for alternative treatments. Stem cell-based therapies have been widely studied in the field of liver diseases and are considered to be among the most promising therapies. Herein, we review recent advances in the application of stem cell-related therapies in liver disease with the aim of providing readers with relevant knowledge in this field and inspiration to spur further inquiry.

Liver disorders

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Verslype ◽  
David Cassiman ◽  
Johan Verhaeghe
Keyword(s):  
Portal Hypertension ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Failure ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Liver Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Characteristics ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Prognostic Implications ◽  
In Pregnancy

Liver disease can complicate 5% of pregnancies, putting mother and child at risk for increased morbidity and mortality. Cholestasis, portal hypertension, and liver failure represent three major clinical entities that should be recognized early because of the prognostic implications. Liver disease in pregnancy is generally separated into disorders that are unique to pregnancy and those that coincide with pregnancy. This chapter recommends a systematic approach that focuses on the major differential diagnostic characteristics of pregnancy-related liver diseases and a limited set of tests for pregnancy-unrelated liver diseases. Management of these conditions should be performed by a multidisciplinary team and ranges from simple medical therapies to immediate termination of the pregnancy.

scholarly journals ETIOLOGY FOR LIVER DISEASES IN PEDIATRIC POPULATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jismy Karakkattu ◽  
Roshni Pr
Keyword(s):  
Liver Failure ◽  
Acute Liver Failure ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Pediatric Liver

ABSTRACTObjective: The liver diseases affect both the pediatric and adult populations. In the adult population, the stereotype diagnosis in the Indian populationis targeted toward males due to excessive alcoholic consumption. Nevertheless, the liver diseases can also affect both the female and pediatricpopulations. Pediatric liver diseases include cirrhosis, fatty liver diseases, and hepatic failure. The liver diseases are commonly caused by biliaryatresia and genetic metabolic diseases. In children, the signs and symptoms of liver diseases are dependent on the principal reason of the liver disease.This review article is to cover all the etiologies that have been identified to cause liver diseases with a special focus on pediatric acute liver failure.Methods: An extensive PubMed search was conducted and articles that were published after 2007 were included in this article.Results: The pediatric population etiology of liver diseases can be broadly categorized into infections, immunologic, metabolic, toxin or drug related,indeterminate, and diseases resulting in liver cirrhosis. Complications of pediatric liver diseases include malnutrition, infection, gastroesophagealvarices, and hepatic encephalopathy.Conclusion: Overall, the etiology for liver diseases in the pediatric population is many. Early identification of these factors can improve the qualityof life of the pediatric patient. With the correct diagnostic parameters and treatment certain conditions can be completely cured. As for those whoseeffective treatment is still lacking it is essential to continue the ongoing research until the missing pieces have been identified.Keywords: Pediatric population, Liver diseases, Acute liver failure, Etiology, Pediatric acute liver failure.

995 CYTOKINE AND CHEMOKINE PATTERNS IN HEPATIC VEIN SERUM DISTINGUISH PATIENTS WITH ACUTE LIVER FAILURE FROM OTHER LIVER DISEASES

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. S410-S411
Author(s):  
P. Fytili ◽  
B. Schoenemeier ◽  
A.A. Negm ◽  
H. Wedemeyer ◽  
M.P. Manns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Failure ◽  
Acute Liver Failure ◽  
Hepatic Vein ◽  
Liver Diseases

Oxidative Damage in the Liver of Rats Treated With Glycolaldehyde

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Lorenzi ◽  
Michael Everton Andrades ◽  
Rafael Calixto Bortolin ◽  
Ryoji Nagai ◽  
Felipe Dal-Pizzol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Liver Failure ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Protein Carbonyl ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Carboxymethyl Lysine

Liver diseases are often associated with hyperglycemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress. These conditions, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus and obesity, facilitate the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). These products are known to impair protein function and promote inflammation. Accumulation of AGEs such as Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) is related to chronic liver diseases and their severity. Although several reports suggest a crucial role of AGEs in liver failure, there is little investigation on the direct effects of reducing sugars, precursors of AGEs, and on the onset and progression of liver failure. In this work, we investigate the effects of intravenously administrated glycolaldehyde (GA), a short-chain aldehyde, on oxidative parameters in the liver of Wistar rats. Animals received a single injection of GA (10, 50, or 100 mg/kg) and were sacrificed after 6, 12, or 24 hours. Levels of protein carbonyl, lipid peroxidation, and reduced thiol were quantified. The activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glyoxalase I were also assessed. The amount of CML was quantified with specific antibody. There was an increase in oxidative stress markers in the liver of GA-treated rats. Glycolaldehyde induced a decrease in the activities of all enzymes assayed. Also, all tested doses led to an increase in CML content. Our data suggest that GA might play an important role in liver diseases through the impairment of antioxidant defenses and generation of AGEs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document