HISTORY OF SOLID- STATE FERMENTED FOODS AND BEVERAGES SONG LIU, D ONGX UZHA NG, JIAN CH EN, AND

2013 ◽  
pp. 111-134
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
History Of

History of Luminescence from Ancient to Modern Times

2015 ◽  
Vol 361 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardev Singh Virk
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Chinese Text ◽  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Luminescent Material ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Aurora Borealis ◽  
The Song Dynasty ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
History Of

Luminescent phenomena have fascinated mankind since the earliest times. The light from the aurora borealis, glow worms, luminescent wood, rotting fish and meat are all examples of naturally occurring luminescence. E. Newton Harvey’s 770 page volume “A History of Luminescence: From the Earliest Times until 1900” is a classic which narrates interesting stories from ancient cultures to modern times. The earliest written account of a solid state luminescent material comes from a Chinese text published in the Song dynasty (960–1279 A.D.). The Buddhist sacred jewel, called "hashi-no-tama" in Japan, is alleged to be self-luminous and to shed a brilliant light on its surroundings. In the Svetasvatara Upanishad, probably recorded at some time before the sixth century BC, we find a mention of fire-flies as one of the manifestations of Brahma.

Fundamentals of Solid-State AC Variable-Speed Drives

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Donald L. Schoen
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Variable Speed Drives ◽  
Ac Drive ◽  
Ac Motor ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
History Of ◽  
Drive Systems

Solid-state ac variable-frequency drives offer a new generation of high-performance, maintenance-free drive systems. The desire to use the rugged ac motor as a high-performance, variable-speed device goes back many years; however, its practical implementation had to wait three-quarters of a century for development of the silicon controlled rectifier. This paper opens with a brief review of the history of variable-speed dc and ac drive systems. Then the fundamentals of solid-state ac variable-speed drives are presented with emphasis on future technical and economic trends. The ac system is evaluated as an economic solution to providing basic functional drive requirements. The characteristics are compared with traditional high-performance dc systems. Finally, an attempt is made to describe the solid-state ac variable-speed drive of the future.

A Solid Beginning

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-77
Author(s):  
Andrew Zangwill
Keyword(s):  
State Physics ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Ferroelectric Materials ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Solid State Physics ◽  
State College ◽  
Washington State College ◽  
History Of ◽  
John Bardeen ◽  
Van Vleck

Anderson chooses a job at Washington State College over a boring-sounding job at Westinghouse. Van Vleck intervenes to arrange an interview with William Shockley at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Anderson declines Washington and accepts a job offer from Shockley in 1949. A short history of Bell Labs follows, including the creation of a Solid-State Physics group after the war to, among other things, seek a replacement for vacuum tubes. A short description of solid-state physics follows. The team of Shockley, John Bardeen, and William Brattain invent the transistor and Shockley alienates everyone. Shockley tells Anderson to work on ferroelectric materials. Anderson dislikes the work but is personally impressed by Shockley as a physicist.

Prediction of Hypoeutectic Gray Iron Microstructure during Solidification and Solid Transformation Using Simple Fourier Model

2010 ◽  
Vol 457 ◽  
pp. 293-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ahmed Taha Hanafi ◽  
Nahed A. El Mahallawy ◽  
Ahmed M. El-Sabbagh ◽  
Talat El-Benawy ◽  
Hasan F. Hadla
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Gray Iron ◽  
Cooling History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fourier Model

Phases’ evolution during the solidification of a hypoeutectic 3.92% C-equivalence cast iron was modelled by considering the cooling history of the alloy from the melt, thus including both solidification and solid state transformations. Simple Fourier model was used to combine macroscopic heat flow and microscopic kinetics for phase evolution. Different cooling rates were obtained by casting cylinders and stepped plates. Measured number of primary austenitic nuclei, eutectic cells and volume fraction of phases during solidification (graphite, a-ferrite, pearlite and cementite), are correlated with the cooling rate. Growth rate constants for primary austenite, are found to be  = 8.7E-7, and n = 2.3. Growth rate constants for primary graphite (types A, B, and C), are found to be  =5.7E-7, and n = 2. The model matches with the experimental work where the error percent of modelling volume fractions of pearlite, graphite, ferrite and cementite ranges between 0.2 and 1.5%.

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