Vegetation Water Demand And Basin Water Availability In Mexico1

2013 ◽  
pp. 327-344
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Basin Water ◽  
Vegetation Water Demand ◽  
Vegetation Water

scholarly journals Reviving the “Ganges Water Machine”: where and how much?

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 2545-2557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lal Muthuwatta ◽  
Upali A. Amarasinghe ◽  
Aditya Sood ◽  
Lagudu Surinaidu
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Ganges River ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Basin Water ◽  
The Ganges

Abstract. Runoff generated in the monsoon months in the upstream parts of the Ganges River basin (GRB) contributes substantially to downstream floods, while water shortages in the dry months affect agricultural production in the basin. This paper examines the potential for subsurface storage (SSS) in the Ganges basin to mitigate floods in the downstream areas and increase the availability of water during drier months. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to estimate sub-basin water availability. The water availability estimated is then compared with the sub-basin-wise unmet water demand for agriculture. Hydrological analysis reveals that some of the unmet water demand in the sub-basin can be met provided it is possible to capture the runoff in sub-surface storage during the monsoon season (June to September). Some of the groundwater recharge is returned to the stream as baseflow and has the potential to increase dry season river flows. To examine the impacts of groundwater recharge on flood inundation and flows in the dry season (October to May), two groundwater recharge scenarios are tested in the Ramganga sub-basin. Increasing groundwater recharge by 35 and 65 % of the current level would increase the baseflow during the dry season by 1.46 billion m3 (34.5 % of the baseline) and 3.01 billion m3 (71.3 % of the baseline), respectively. Analysis of pumping scenarios indicates that 80 000 to 112 000 ha of additional wheat area can be irrigated in the Ramganga sub-basin by additional SSS without reducing the current baseflow volumes. Augmenting SSS reduces the peak flow and flood inundated areas in Ramganga (by up to 13.0 % for the 65 % scenario compared to the baseline), indicating the effectiveness of SSS in reducing areas inundated under floods in the sub-basin. However, this may not be sufficient to effectively control the flood in the downstream areas of the GRB, such as in the state of Bihar (prone to floods), which receives a total flow of 277 billion m3 from upstream sub-basins.

scholarly journals Modelling global water stress of the recent past: on the relative importance of trends in water demand and climate variability

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 3785-3808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Wada ◽  
L. P. H. van Beek ◽  
M. F. P. Bierkens
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Global Population

Abstract. During the past decades, human water use has more than doubled, yet available freshwater resources are finite. As a result, water scarcity has been prevalent in various regions of the world. Here, we present the first global assessment of past development of water stress considering not only climate variability but also growing water demand, desalinated water use and non-renewable groundwater abstraction over the period 1960–2001 at a spatial resolution of 0.5°. Agricultural water demand is estimated based on past extents of irrigated areas and livestock densities. We approximate past economic development based on GDP, energy and household consumption and electricity production, which are subsequently used together with population numbers to estimate industrial and domestic water demand. Climate variability is expressed by simulated blue water availability defined by freshwater in rivers, lakes, wetlands and reservoirs by means of the global hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB. We thus define blue water stress by comparing blue water availability with corresponding net total blue water demand by means of the commonly used, Water Scarcity Index. The results show a drastic increase in the global population living under water-stressed conditions (i.e. moderate to high water stress) due to growing water demand, primarily for irrigation, which has more than doubled from 1708/818 to 3708/1832 km3 yr−1 (gross/net) over the period 1960–2000. We estimate that 800 million people or 27% of the global population were living under water-stressed conditions for 1960. This number is eventually increased to 2.6 billion or 43% for 2000. Our results indicate that increased water demand is a decisive factor for heightened water stress in various regions such as India and North China, enhancing the intensity of water stress up to 200%, while climate variability is often a main determinant of extreme events. However, our results also suggest that in several emerging and developing economies (e.g. India, Turkey, Romania and Cuba) some of past extreme events were anthropogenically driven due to increased water demand rather than being climate-induced.

scholarly journals ANALISA POTENSI WADUK RUKOH DALAM MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN AIR DI KABUPATEN PIDIE, INDONESIAANALYSIS OF RUKOH RESERVOIR POTENCY FOR DETERMINING WATER REQUIREMENT IN PIDIE DISTRICT, INDONESIA

Agromet ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Siti Nurdhawata ◽  
Bambang Dwi Dasanto
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Model Calibration ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Tank Model ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Balance Analysis

<em>Generally, reservoir can overcome problem of water availability in particular region. The reservoir collects excess water during rainy season to be used at the time of water shortage during dry season. In Pidie, the largest water sources are from Krueng Baro Geunik and Krueng Tiro. The reservoir is located at Krueng Rukoh with Krueng Tiro as the source of water supply. The reservoir provides water for irrigating and supplying domestic water in Baro (11.950 ha) and Tiro (6.330 ha) areas. There are 13 districts (216718 inhabitants) use the water from this reservoir. Given the population growing at rate of 0.52% then the water demand in the region increases. The aim of study was to estimate the volume of water entering the reservoir using the tank model. Calibration curve between the tank model output and observation data showed good correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.7). The calibrated model was then used to calculate the discharge at Krueng Baro Geunik. A water balance analysis showed that the highest deficit occurred in September and the highest surplus in November. Based on this analysis, the capacity of Krueng Rukoh reservoir is able to fulfill its function assuming the rate of population growth and the irrigation area are constant.</em>

scholarly journals Seasonality and criteria for concession of water in the Ivinhema basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e1969108391
Author(s):  
Fabiane Kazue Arai ◽  
Diovany Doffinger Ramos ◽  
Hugo Justino Inocêncio ◽  
Felipe André dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Reference Flow ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Growth Economic

Global demand for water has been increasing per year due to population growth, economic development, and changes in consumption patterns, among other factors. This increase in water demand is expected to continue in the next decades. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of different criteria to grant the use of water from the Ivinhema river basin, Brazil. Monthly periods were compared to annual periods to calculate the reference flows Q7,10 and Q95. The relative differences in water availability using different reference flow rates for water concession were quantified. The replacement of the annual criteria (standard in Brazil) for water concession by 50% of monthly Q7,10 and 70% of monthly Q95 can potentially increase the use and improve the management of water resources. The best criteria to award grants is the monthly Q7,10, which despite being more restrictive, it allows higher flow rates when there is excess water, and lower rates in the months of low water availability.

Impact of climate change on surface water availability and crop water demand for the sub-watershed of Abbay Basin, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1859-1875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemu Ademe Bekele ◽  
Santosh Murlidhar Pingale ◽  
Samuel Dagalo Hatiye ◽  
Alemayehu Kasaye Tilahun
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Crop Water Demand

scholarly journals Changes in Climatic Water Availability and Crop Water Demand for Iraq Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saleem A. Salman ◽  
Shamsuddin Shahid ◽  
Haitham Abdulmohsin Afan ◽  
Mohammed Sanusi Shiru ◽  
Nadhir Al-Ansari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
The North ◽  
Mk Test ◽  
Crop Water Demand

Decreases in climatic water availability (CWA) and increases in crop water demand (CWD) in the background of climate change are a major concern in arid regions because of less water availability and higher irrigation requirements for crop production. Assessment of the spatiotemporal changes in CWA and CWD is important for the adaptation of irrigated agriculture to climate change for such regions. The recent changes in CWA and CWD during growing seasons of major crops have been assessed for Iraq where rapid changes in climate have been noticed in recent decades. Gridded precipitation of the global precipitation climatology center (GPCC) and gridded temperature of the climate research unit (CRU) having a spatial resolution of 0.5°, were used for the estimation of CWA and CWD using simple water balance equations. The Mann–Kendall (MK) test and one of its modified versions which can consider long-term persistence in time series, were used to estimate trends in CWA for the period 1961–2013. In addition, the changes in CWD between early (1961–1990) and late (1984–2013) periods were evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank test. The results revealed a deficit in water in all the seasons in most of the country while a surplus in the northern highlands in all the seasons except summer was observed. A significant reduction in the annual amount of CWA at a rate of −1 to −13 mm/year was observed at 0.5 level of significance in most of Iraq except in the north. Decreasing trends in CWA in spring (−0.4 to −1.8 mm/year), summer (−5.0 to −11 mm/year) and autumn (0.3 to −0.6 mm/year), and almost no change in winter was observed. The CWA during the growing season of summer crop (millet and sorghum) was found to decrease significantly in most of Iraq except in the north. The comparison of CWD revealed an increase in agricultural water needs in the late period (1984–2013) compared to the early period (1961–1990) by 1.0–8.0, 1.0–14, 15–30, 14–27 and 0.0–10 mm for wheat, barley, millet, sorghum and potato, respectively. The highest increase in CWD was found in April, October, June, June and April for wheat, barley, millet, sorghum and potato, respectively.

scholarly journals Technical Note: Seasonality in alpine water resources management – a regional assessment

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vanham ◽  
E. Fleischhacker ◽  
W. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
High Water ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Winter Tourism ◽  
Alpine Regions

Abstract. Alpine regions are particularly affected by seasonal variations in water demand and water availability. Especially the winter period is critical from an operational point of view, as being characterised by high water demands due to tourism and low water availability due to the temporal storage of precipitation as snow and ice. The clear definition of summer and winter periods is thus an essential prerequisite for water resource management in alpine regions. This paper presents a GIS-based multi criteria method to determine the winter season. A snow cover duration dataset serves as basis for this analysis. Different water demand stakeholders, the alpine hydrology and the present day water supply infrastructure are taken into account. Technical snow-making and (winter) tourism were identified as the two major seasonal water demand stakeholders in the study area, which is the Kitzbueheler region in the Austrian Alps. Based upon different geographical datasets winter was defined as the period from December to March, and summer as the period from April to November. By determining potential regional water balance deficits or surpluses in the present day situation and in future, important management decisions such as water storage and allocation can be made and transposed to the local level.

scholarly journals Interactions between snow cover and evaporation lead to higher sensitivity of streamflow to temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Alves Meira Neto ◽  
Guo-Yue Niu ◽  
Tirthankar Roy ◽  
Scott Tyler ◽  
Peter A. Troch
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Potential Evaporation ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

AbstractEstimates of potential evaporation often neglect the effects of snow cover on evaporation process. Here, we present a definition of potential evaporation that explicitly accounts for landscapes that are partially covered by snow. We show that, in the presence of snowpack, our evaporation estimates differ from conventional methods that assume evaporation from a free water surface. Specifically, we find that conventional methods overestimate potential evaporation as well as aridity, taken as the ratio of atmospheric water demand to supply, in landscapes where snowfall is significant. With dwindling snow-cover, actual aridity increases, which could explain the reduction in streamflow with decreasing snowfall. We suggest that streamflow, and hence water availability, is more sensitive to temperature changes in colder than in warmer regions.

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