The urine specimen

2012 ◽  
pp. 45-66
Keyword(s):  
Urine Specimen

Confirmation of Long Term Excreted Metabolites of Stanozolol by Gas Chromatography Coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (GC/HRMS)

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ileana Vajiala ◽  
Ruxandra Subasu ◽  
Mirela Zorio ◽  
Rodica Picu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Urine Specimen ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Purification Procedure ◽  
Specific Identification ◽  
Immunoaffinity Purification ◽  
In Doping ◽  
Resolution Mass

Upon screening identification of Stanozolol, GC/HRMS confirmation of the suspicious sample is done by reanalysis of the urine specimen, where a specific immunoaffinity purification procedure is used to selectively isolate the long term excreted metabolites of Stanozolol. By meeting the specific identification criteria for more than one metabolite of the same parent compound, additional evidence could be obtained in the decision making process in doping control.

scholarly journals The ratio and difference of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio and albumin-to-creatinine ratio facilitate risk prediction of all-cause mortality

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ray Chang ◽  
Hung-Chieh Yeh ◽  
I-Wen Ting ◽  
Chen-Yuan Lin ◽  
Han-Chun Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Practice ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
P Value ◽  
Urine Specimen ◽  
Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Urine Protein ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Discriminative Performance ◽  
Prognostic Assessment ◽  
All Cause Mortality

AbstractThe role of the difference and ratio of albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, uACR) and proteinuria (urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, uPCR) has not been systematically evaluated with all-cause mortality. We retrospectively analyzed 2904 patients with concurrently measured uACR and uPCR from the same urine specimen in a tertiary hospital in Taiwan. The urinary albumin-to-protein ratio (uAPR) was derived by dividing uACR by uPCR, whereas urinary non-albumin protein (uNAP) was calculated by subtracting uACR from uPCR. Conventional severity categories of uACR and uPCR were also used to establish a concordance matrix and develop a corresponding risk matrix. The median age at enrollment was 58.6 years (interquartile range 45.4–70.8). During the 12,391 person-years of follow-up, 657 deaths occurred. For each doubling increase in uPCR, uACR, and uNAP, the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of all-cause mortality were 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24–1.35), 1.12 (1.09–1.16), and 1.41 (1.34–1.49), respectively. For each 10% increase in uAPR, it was 1.02 (95% CI 0.98–1.06). The linear dose–response association with all-cause mortality was only observed with uPCR and uNAP. The 3 × 3 risk matrices revealed that patients with severe proteinuria and normal albuminuria had the highest risk of all-cause mortality (aHR 5.25, 95% CI 1.88, 14.63). uNAP significantly improved the discriminative performance compared to that of uPCR (c statistics: 0.834 vs. 0.828, p-value = 0.032). Our study findings advocate for simultaneous measurements of uPCR and uACR in daily practice to derive uAPR and uNAP, which can provide a better mortality prognostic assessment.

Urinary Tract Infections in Febrile Infants Younger Than 8 Weeks of Age

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen F. Crain ◽  
Jeffrey C. Gershel
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Urine Culture ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Pediatric Emergency ◽  
Urine Specimen ◽  
High Power Field ◽  
Tract Infections

In this prospective study of 442 infants younger than 8 weeks of age who attended a pediatric emergency department with temperature ≥100.6°F (38.1° C), urinary tract infections (UTIs) were found in 33 patients (7.5%), 2 of whom were bacteremic. Clinical and laboratory data were not helpful for identifying UTIs. Of the 33 patients with UTIs, 32 had urinalyses recorded; 16 were suggestive of a UTI (more than five white blood cells per high-power field or any bacteria present). Of the 16 infants with apparently normal urinalysis results, three had an emergency department diagnosis suggesting an alternative bacterial focus of infection. If the physician had decided on the basis of apparently normal urinalysis results to forgo obtaining a urine culture, more than half of the UTIs would have been missed. Bag-collected specimens were significantly more likely to yield indeterminate urine culture results than either catheter or suprapublic specimens. In addition, uncircumcised males were significantly more likely to have a UTI than circumcised boys. These results suggest that a suprapubic or catheter-obtained urine specimen for culture is a necessary part of the evaluation of all febrile infants younger than 8 weeks of age, regardless of the urinalysis findings or another focus of presumed bacterial infection.

Rapid method for determining the antimicrobial susceptibility on chromogenic agar for urine specimen

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
Renata Lazo de la Vega Giraud ◽  
Estefania Guadalupe Alvarado Bravo ◽  
Gabriel Chavez Giraud ◽  
Carmen Giraud Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Urine Specimen ◽  
Chromogenic Agar

scholarly journals Identification of Potentially Unnecessary Micafungin Use Patterns: Opportunities for Antifungal Stewardship Interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. s32-s33
Author(s):  
Miguel Chavez Concha ◽  
Kevin Hsueh ◽  
Michael Durkin ◽  
Andrej Spec
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Urine Culture ◽  
Tracheal Aspirate ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Urine Specimen ◽  
Antifungal Stewardship ◽  
Microbiological Test ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Patterns Of Use

Background: Echinocandins are used as first-line therapy for suspected and confirmed Candida spp, and its indiscriminate use may drive selection for echinocandin resistance. We evaluated patterns of use of micafungin to identify opportunities for antifungal stewardship. Methods: We identified all micafungin completed orders and microbiological test result data from July 2018 to November 2020 among hospitalized patients in Barnes-Jewish Hospital. Continuous micafungin courses with <48 hours of interruption were considered independent courses. We evaluated micafungin use in 3 scenarios in which its use may be unnecessary: (1) patients with blood cultures negative for Candida spp, (2) patients with recovery of yeast or Candida spp from tracheal aspirates, and (3) patients with recovery of yeast or Candida spp from urine cultures. We only included micafungin courses if they were initiated within 5 days of blood culture collection or up to 4 days after tracheal or urine culture collection to account for incubation and decision to initiate treatment. Results: We found 3,381 micafungin courses in 3,287 admissions. Of these, 2,532 courses had blood culture collection around micafungin initiation and were included in the first analysis: 1,879 (74%) were negative, 149 (6%) had Candida spp isolated in the blood, and 504 (20%) had positive blood cultures for other organisms. Micafungin was given for a median duration of 3 days (IQR, 2–7) to those with negative blood cultures and for 3 days (IQR, 1–5) to those with positive blood cultures without candidemia (p < 0.001), and prolonged durations of more than 5 days was seen in 768/1879 (41%) and 143/504 (28%) of courses, respectively (p <0.001). A total of 487 micafungin courses were initiated after tracheal aspirate culture collection. Those with yeast isolated (n = 100, 21%) received similar micafungin duration compared to those that had no yeast isolated [3 (2-7 IQR) vs. 3 (2-7) days, respectively; p = 0.56). Finally, a total of 844 micafungin courses started after urine culture collection. A total of 49 (6%) had yeast isolated from the urine and treatment duration was similar to those that did not [3 (1-6 IQR) vs. 3 (2-6) days, respectively; p = 0.87). Conclusions: Echinocandin treatment courses did not differ when a yeast was identified from a tracheal isolate or urine specimen. However, a substantial proportion of treatment courses were prolonged in those with negative Candida spp in the blood, suggesting opportunities for antifungal stewardship interventions.Funding: NoDisclosures: None

scholarly journals Hepatolenticular Degeneration in Children

Doctor Ru ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
А.R. Reisis ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Metabolism ◽  
Favourable Outcome ◽  
Urine Specimen ◽  
Hepatolenticular Degeneration ◽  
Genetic Tests ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Early Disease Detection ◽  
Hepatic Involvement ◽  
Organ Failures ◽  
Key Aspects

Objective: to present the current situation with hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD) in children and to study clinical and laboratory manifestations, prevalence and significance of the disease in children with unexplained hepatitis (UH). Key Points. HLD, genetic copper metabolism imbalance, is a serious condition masked by UH. There is practically no information on prevalence of HLD in children; and diagnostic capabilities are still a matter of arguments. We have reviewed literature sources on HLD in children and examined 103 children aged 3 to 16 years diagnosed with UH (follow-up period of 3 to 7 years). Two cases have been discussed in detail. In addition to routine clinical examinations, we have tested copper metabolism in blood and 24-hour urine specimen. Genetic tests were conducted to find АТР7В mutations (12 to 14 alleles were examined). Conclusion. HLD in children is not an uncommon cause of hepatic involvement; it affects 11–12% children with UH. Diagnostics is challenging and achieved with a number of tests such as measurement of copper levels in 24-hour urine specimen and genetic tests for HLD with exclusion of any other known and common causes of hepatic conditions (viral, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with inflamed intestine, etc.). Key aspects in prevention of severe organ failures and death in children with HLD are high awareness and early disease detection with timely therapy initiation and favourable outcome. Of the utmost importance in life-long therapy is compliance associated with the level of education and attention from family members. Keywords: hepatolenticular degeneration, children, diagnosis, therapy, outcomes.

scholarly journals Accuracy of Two Circulating Antigen Tests for the Diagnosis and Surveillance of Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Low-Endemicity Settings of Côte d’Ivoire

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rufin K. Assaré ◽  
Mathieu I. Tra-Bi ◽  
Jean T. Coulibaly ◽  
Paul L. A. M. Corstjens ◽  
Mamadou Ouattara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Urine Specimen ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Circulating Antigen ◽  
Antigen Tests ◽  
True Infection

In low-endemicity settings, current tools for diagnosis and surveillance of schistosomiasis are often inaccurate in detecting true infection. We assessed the accuracy of an up-converting phosphor lateral flow circulating anodic antigen (UCP-LF CAA) test and a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) urine cassette test for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni. Our study was conducted in eight schools of western Côte d’Ivoire. Fifty children, aged 9 to 12 years, were enrolled per school. From each child, a single urine specimen and two stool specimens were collected over consecutive days for diagnostic workup. Urine samples were subjected to UCP-LF CAA and POC-CCA tests. From each stool sample, triplicate Kato-Katz thick smears were examined. Overall, 378 children had complete data records. The prevalence of S. mansoni, as assessed by six Kato-Katz thick smears, was 4.0%. The UCP-LF CAA and POC-CCA tests revealed S. mansoni prevalence of 25.4% and 30.7%, respectively, when considering trace results as positive, and prevalence of 23.3% and 10.9% when considering trace results as negative. In the latter case, based on a composite gold standard, the sensitivity of UCP-LF CAA (80.7%) was considerably higher than that of POC-CCA (37.6%) and six Kato-Katz thick smears (13.8%). The negative predictive value of UCP-LF CAA, POC-CCA, and six Kato-Katz thick smears was 92.8%, 79.8%, and 74.1%, respectively. Our results confirm that UCP-LF CAA is more accurate than Kato-Katz and POC-CCA for the diagnosis of S. mansoni in low-endemicity settings.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Shenzhen, China.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Xia Chang ◽  
Kang-Kang Chen ◽  
Xiao-Ting Liu ◽  
Hao-Yuan Zhang ◽  
Meng-Man Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urine Specimen ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
High Risk Populations ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and proportion of laboratory-confirmed urethral Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infections that were asymptomatic among individuals presenting to different clinics in Shenzhen and the risk factors related to STI infections in this population.Methods In a cross-sectional study, 8,309 eligible individuals were invited to participate in a questionnaire interview, and urine specimens were collected for identification of CT and NG infections. Corresponding outcomes were analyzed by Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression.Results Among 7070 participants who completed the questionnaire and provided the urine specimen, 2871 were asymptomatic and included in our analyses: 1120 (39.0%) males and 1751 (61.0%) females. The prevalence of NG and CT was 0.9% and 6.2% among males reporting no symptoms, and 0.4% and 7.9% among females reporting no symptoms, respectively. The proportion of asymptomatic urethral CT among males with urethral CT was 28.3%; for females, it was 34.2%. For asymptomatic males with urethral NG/CT, 3 independent risk factors were identified: (1) males under the age of 30 (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.07-2.84); (2) being employed in the commercial service work (2.69; 1.33-5.45); and (3) being recruited through the urological department (2.18; 1.24-3.83). For asymptomatic females with urethral NG/CT, 2 independent risk factors were identified: (1) females under the age of 30 (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.25-2.58); and (2) being recruited through the dermatological department (2.83; 1.46-5.46).Conclusion A substantial prevalence of asymptomatic CT infections was found among males and females presenting to clinics in Shenzhen. The significant correlation between asymptomatic CT infection and these risk factors could help identify high-risk populations and guide screening.

Phenylketonuria

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-409
Author(s):  
MANUEL INGALL
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Urine Specimen ◽  
Fresh Urine ◽  
Made In

I would like to comment on a statement made in the August 1957 issue of Pediatrics. Dr. Richmond Paine, in his article entitled "The Variability in Manifestations of Untreated Patients with Phenylketonuria" states that "diagnosis can be made only by the testing of a fresh urine specimen or by determination of the concentration of phenylalanine in the plasma." I wish to expand on the first part of this statement. I have performed the ferric chloride test on the urines of several untreated phenylketonuric patients, and have observed the following:

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