Strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber: Kinetics and strain relaxation

2013 ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Strain Relaxation ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Induced Crystallization

Strain-induced crystallization behaviour of natural rubbers from guayule and rubber dandelion revealed by simultaneous time-resolved WAXD/tensile measurements: indispensable function for sustainable resources

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (98) ◽  
pp. 95601-95610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Ikeda ◽  
Preeyanuch Junkong ◽  
Takumi Ohashi ◽  
Treethip Phakkeeree ◽  
Yuta Sakaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crystallization Behaviour ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Sustainable Resources ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Induced Crystallization

Guayule and rubber dandelion natural rubbers are useful alternatives forHeveanatural rubber in terms of their strain-induced crystallization behaviours.

Thermomechanics of strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber under cyclic loading

PAMM ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 493-494
Author(s):  
Lutz Zybell ◽  
Jan Domurath ◽  
Konrad Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Induced Crystallization

scholarly journals Effect of Stretching Rate on Tensile Response and Crystallization Behavior of Crosslinked Natural Rubber

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-225
Author(s):  
Abdulhakim Masa ◽  
Nabil Hayeemasae ◽  
Siriwat Soontaranon ◽  
Mohd Hanif Mohd Pisal ◽  
Mohamad Syahmie Mohamad Rasidi
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Deformation Rate ◽  
Crystallization Behavior ◽  
Tensile Deformation ◽  
Chain Orientation ◽  
Tensile Response ◽  
Lower Strain ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Induced Crystallization

The performance of natural rubber (NR) relies heavily on the microstructural changes during deformation. This has brought to significant change in the stress response of NR. Besides, the stretching rate may also affect the stress response of NR. In this study, effects of stretching rate on tensile deformation and strain-induced crystallization of crosslinked NR were investigated. Results indicated that increasing the strain rate has increased the stress at given strain where the onset of strain-induced crystallization was shifted to a lower strain. The crystallinity of the crosslinked NR was shown to be higher at a high stretching rate and it corresponded well with the tensile response. The results clearly confirm that chain orientation and crystallization became stronger with increasing deformation rate. The study also suggests that the deformation could improve distribution of crosslinked network structures.

Elastomer Structures and ‘Cold Crystallization’

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bruzzone ◽  
E. Sorta
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Glass Transition Temperature ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crystallization Rate ◽  
Cold Crystallization ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Induced Crystallization

Abstract In a great number of applications an ideal elastomer should satisfy, to a certain extent, both of the following requirements: (1) nearly instantaneous crystallization upon application of strain (strain induced crystallization) and (2) slow or no crystallization when cooled at the temperature of maximum crystallization rate (cold induced crystallization). A noteworthy case of (2) is elastomer crystallization in a strained state. The connection between the points (1) and (2) has not been clearly understood up to now, but it is known that some crystallizable elastomers fulfil the requirements of both (1) and (2) better than others. From an experimental point of view, cold induced crystallization kinetics are substantially easier to measure than those of very fast strain induced crystallization. The phenomenon of cold induced crystallization in natural rubber, NR, has been known since the very beginning of elastomer technology and the tendency of natural rubber to crystallize by cooling has been overcome by crosslinking it with sulphur (vulcanization) without impairing its ability to crystallize by stretching (Goodyear, 1836). The synthesis of cis-polyisoprenes (IR) and cis-polybutadiene (BR) of different microstructural purity (different cis content) gave the possibility of changing the crystallization rate. It has also been reported that the very fast cold crystallization of trans-polypentenamer (TPA) could be reduced by lowering the trans content. The same fact had been observed earlier for trans-polychloroprene. There is a general agreement in postulating that the reduction of the crystallization rate, obtained either by cross-linking or by chain regularity reduction, can be linked with the lowering of the melting point. In both cases the low level of structural defects introduced in the chains does not affect the glass transition temperature in such a way as to vary the crystallization rate. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of the variations of the glass transition temperature and melting point on the elastomeric cold crystallization rate and the way these may be used in planning new elastomer structures.

Influence of Crosslink Characteristics Induced by Aromatic-Based Antioxidants on the Swelling and Stress-Strain Behavior of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek M. Madkour ◽  
Rasha A. Azzam
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Thermal Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Elastomeric Chains ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates ◽  
Induced Crystallization

Abstract Stress-strain measurements were performed on dry and swollen natural rubber vulcanizates prepared using both sulfur as the crosslinking agent and aromatic-based bound antioxidants acting as a second crosslinking agent. The aromatic-based antioxidants were synthesized and analyzed spectroscopically in order to relate the final behavior of the vulcanizates to the nature of the crosslink characteristics. The anomalous upturn in the modulus values of these networks in response to the imposed stress was shown to persist in the dry as well as the swollen state. Since the swollen elastomeric chains cannot undergo a strain-induced crystallization, the abnormal upturns in the modulus values in an absence of a filler were explained on the basis of the limited extensibility of the short chains of networks prepared using two different crosslinking agents in line with earlier modeling predictions. Remarkably, the swelling experiments revealed the increase in the crosslink density of the networks in the early stages of the thermal oxidative degradation procedure indicating a post-cure of the chemically bound antioxidants to the elastomeric chains, which incidentally corresponds to a maximum in the modulus values of the networks. The rheological and other mechanical properties such as the hardness were shown not to have been affected as a result of the incorporation of the chemically bound antioxidants.

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