Comparative Aspects of O 2 Chemoreception: Anatomy, Physiology, and Environmental Adaptations

2003 ◽  
pp. 730-754
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Adaptations

Diversity among different populations of a locally common rice (Oryza sativa L.) landrace from north-western Indian Himalayas

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kumar ◽  
A. Pandey ◽  
I. S. Bisht ◽  
K. V. Bhat ◽  
P. S. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Environmental Adaptations ◽  
Farmer Management ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
On Farm

Genetic structure of five populations of a locally common rice (Oryza sativa L.) landrace Jaulia from parts of Uttarakhand state of India was studied using sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers. Of these, four populations were on-farm managed, assembled from different niche environments, and one population was conserved ex situ and represented static conservation. The 16 STMS primer pairs fully differentiated the inter- and intrapopulation diversity. A total of 72 alleles were recorded with a mean of 4.5 alleles per locus. Population wise, the total number of alleles ranged from 21 to 41, with maximum number of alleles for population IC 548358 and minimum number of alleles for population IC 100051 representing static conservation. A greater number of alleles specific to populations under farmer management could be recorded. Changes in yield parameters also seemed to be affected under farmer management besides other environmental adaptations for qualitative morphological characters. The marker diversity using STMS primer pairs indicates the genetic differentiation among populations resulting from joint effects of several evolutionary forces operating within the historical and biological context of the crop landrace. The variations in adaptations, on the other hand, indicate the degree to which populations are adapted to their environments and their potential for continued performance or as donors of characters in plant breeding. Both biotic and abiotic aspects of the environment are involved.

scholarly journals Inclusive Practices and Their Effects on Learners’ Academic Performance in Public Primary Schools within Buea Municipality

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-59
Author(s):  
Ambei Ruhama Faizefu
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Inclusive Practices ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Curriculum Adaptation ◽  
Full Participation ◽  
Environmental Adaptations ◽  
Primary Institutions

Persons with disabilities face diverse challenges in educational institutions which greatly affect their access and full participation in academic programmes. The purpose of this study therefore is to find out the Effects of Inclusive Practices on the Academic Performance of Learners with disabilities in public primary schools within Buea municipality. This study was guided by three objectives. To investigate the extent to which teachers’ acceptance of persons with disabilities has been implemented in public primary schools; To find out how far curriculum adaptation for persons with disabilities has affected learners’ academic performance; and To assess the effects of environmental adaptation on the academic performance of learners’ with disabilities in public primary schools within Buea municipality. A survey research design was used to gather data from two public primary schools. The sampled population of the study included 20 teachers. Purposive sampling was used to select the two public primary schools that admit persons with various special educational needs. The research instrument used for collecting data was the questionnaire. This questionnaire was structured under a yes/no format. Collected data was analyzed using mean standard deviation and findings obtained indicated that teachers’ acceptance, curriculum and environmental adaptations have greatly affected the academic performance of learners with disabilities. Thus, this study recommends, there should be action plans to guide and direct the implementation of inclusive educational practices to the entire primary school settings and/or systems. Primary institutions should be constructed with ramps, large classroom space, wash rooms and toilets to ease movements and maneuvering of persons with disabilities. This finding also will help policy makers and educational authorities make better decisions as concerns primary educational pedagogy. With all these archived, it further will enable learners with disabilities to be confident in themselves, learn freely like their peers and many persons with disabilities will be enrolled in public primary schools.

Irrigation and Soil-Conservation in African Agricultural History

1984 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. G. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Agricultural History ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Environmental Adaptations ◽  
African Agriculture ◽  
Infinite Variety

The archaeological study of African agricultural history has concentrated more on origins and the identification of crop remains than on farming techniques and ancient fields. The latter rarely survive, and even then may be of indeterminate age and apparently atypical, such as hillside terracing or irrigation systems. The subject has been further bedevilled by these unusual instances of preserved fields being regarded as relics of ‘intensive’ cultivation by ‘vanished civilizations’. However, a clearer understanding of African agriculture, through ethnographic and ecological approaches, reveals not only its basically extensive character but also the infinite variety of local specializations (or cultural–environmental adaptations, combining ancient African domesticates and introduced crops which have been ‘Africanized’). This provides a perspective for examining peculiarities of the present and past and claimed instances of ‘intensification’. Conversely the concept of specialization allows us to use, with caution, the preserved remains of old field systems to illustrate more typical ones. Many of the archaeological survivals were not so much ‘intensive’ as ‘over-specialized’, often in isolated and circumscribed situations, notably remote hills in both western and eastern Africa. A moderate example is Inyanga in eastern Zimbabwe with its extensive terraced hillsides of the later Iron Age. Here most of the terraces were not irrigated, but there are hints of complex seasonal arrangements and field techniques. A more extreme, even ‘ultra-specialized’ agricultural system, also of the later Iron Age, which was abandoned in the seventeenth or eighteenth century, is that of Engaruka in the northern Tanzanian rift. This was an essentially isolated and self-sufficient settlement in dry country, absolutely dependent on its exquisite irrigation devices. Eventually this community expired, as its soil was exhausted and its water supplies declined.Finally, there are instances in nineteenth-century East Africa, and from earlier in West Africa, of more open cultural–economic systems producing a surplus for caravans, markets and towns. Technologically these have been no more accomplished or ‘intensive’ than the specializations discussed, but developmentally their achievement has been more effective.

Vernacular architecture in eastern Senegal: Chaînes opératoires and technical choices

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-378
Author(s):  
Thomas Pelmoine ◽  
Anne Mayor
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Heritage Studies ◽  
Environmental Adaptations ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Linguistic Groups

Architecture is an important component of cultural identity, but knowledge regarding construction techniques using local materials is gradually disappearing, and this subject has rarely been studied in sub-Saharan Africa. This ethno-archaeological study of current vernacular architecture and its evolution during the past three centuries in eastern Senegal therefore brings innovative results that are interesting on different levels. In relation to West Africa, the authors aim to provide new knowledge useful for archaeologists lacking references for interpreting past remains, as well as an archive for historical and heritage studies. More widely, the study constitutes a reference for the description of various mud-building techniques and an attempt to understand the mechanisms explaining their transformations, which should concern all scientists interested in vernacular architecture, in Africa and beyond. More precisely, this article accounts for the variability of techniques used for constructing walls and roofs of dwellings in the Faleme valley among different ethno-linguistic groups, while considering the environmental, cultural and socio-economic factors at play. The authors’ methodology is based on a description of the chaînes opératoires of construction, interviews, mapping and statistical analysis. The patterns observed facilitate a discussion on the evolution of techniques, environmental adaptations, the transfer of knowledge and the role of history in material culture dynamics.

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