The effects of local illumination and work-rest schedule on light-on test inspection in a TFT-LCD plant

2013 ◽  
pp. 339-342
Keyword(s):  
Local Illumination

scholarly journals Photodynamic Therapy: Targeting Cancer Biomarkers for the Treatment of Cancers

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2992
Author(s):  
Xinning Wang ◽  
Dong Luo ◽  
James P. Basilion
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Cancer Biomarkers ◽  
Malignant Cell ◽  
Minimal Invasiveness ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Effective Treatment Modality ◽  
Tissue Selectivity ◽  
Reduced Toxicity ◽  
Local Illumination

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-documented therapy that has emerged as an effective treatment modality of cancers. PDT utilizes harmless light to activate non- or minimally toxic photosensitizers to generate cytotoxic species for malignant cell eradication. Compared with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, PDT is appealing by virtue of the minimal invasiveness, its safety, as well as its selectivity, and the fact that it can induce an immune response. Although local illumination of the cancer lesions renders intrinsic selectivity of PDT, most photosensitizers used in PDT do not display significant tumor tissue selectivity. There is a need for targeted delivery of photosensitizers. The molecular identification of cancer antigens has opened new possibilities for the development of effective targeted therapy for cancer patients. This review provides a brief overview of recent achievements of targeted delivery of photosensitizers to cancer cells by targeting well-established cancer biomarkers. Overall, targeted PDT offers enhanced intracellular accumulation of the photosensitizer, leading to improved PDT efficacy and reduced toxicity to normal tissues.

A correlative study of the physiology and morphology of the retinotectal pathway of the perch

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Guthrie ◽  
J. R. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Evoked Response ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Local Illumination

AbstractThe anatomy and physiology of the retinotectal pathway of the perch was investigated using physiological and histological techniques. Massed responses of the optic nerve to single shocks exhibited five distinct peaks. Single-unit responses to shocks indicate two groups of fast fibers correlating well with peaks I and II of the massed response. The flash-evoked response in nerve and tectum has three major phases (PSPI-III), with a marked low-threshold fast component. Patterns of flash-evoked response from single fibers vary, but the responses of fast transient fibers coincide with the timing of PSPI, and longer latency groups with PSPII-III. Units reflexly activated by efferents were also seen, and 12% of units were photically inexcitable.Surprisingly, few fibers responded well to a scanned spot light, unlike tectal cells, and receptive fields were often large (>70 deg). ON/OFF responses, evoked either by whole field or local illumination, were much commoner than pure ON or OFF responses.Effects of electrical stimulation or cautery of the tectum on the flash-evoked response of fiber bundles, via the efferents were marginal, but repetitive stimulation or section of the optic nerve produced clear-cut deficits in the slow components of the flash-evoked response of the nerve. Stimulation of the eighth nerve produced a complex long-latency, large-amplitude response in the optic nerve.The fiber spectrum of the optic nerve taken from electron micrographs revealed the presence of a relatively small group (less than 1%) of thick fibers with diameters between 3 μm and 10 μm that could be correlated with fast responses recorded from the optic nerve, and the remainder with axon diameters down to 0.2 μm providing the slow responses. The distribution of cell-body diameters from sectioned and wholemount material indicated a marked distinction between small and large ganglion cells. The total number of fibers in the nerve was estimated 868,840.

An anisotropic heat diffusion model for enhancing the extraction of underground rail track fasteners under extremely low and uneven illumination conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengbo Ai ◽  
Shi Qiu ◽  
Guiyang Xu
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Heat Diffusion ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Rail Track ◽  
Detection Algorithms ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Local Illumination ◽  
Adaptation Model

During the past two decades, subway systems have become one of the most dominant infrastructural developments in China at an unprecedented pace and scale. More than 60 metro lines in 25 cities have been completed, transporting more than 70 million passengers daily. Operating the subway systems safely and efficiently is a continuously pressing demand from both the management companies and the public. Although many automated or semi-automated methods for extracting critical components of the rail track systems, e.g. rail, fastener, sleeper, etc., have significantly improved the productivity of routine inspection, the unique challenges posed by the subway systems have hindered these existing methods from successful implementation because of the extremely low illumination in the underground environment, whereas additional artificial lighting often poses extremely uneven illumination. In this study, a generalized local illumination adaptation model using an anisotropic heat equation is proposed to dynamically adjust the acquired rail track images with extremely low and uneven illumination conditions. An integration flow is then proposed to seamlessly incorporate the proposed model into the state-of-the-art automated fastener detection algorithms. The results show that the proposed local illumination adaptation model can significantly improve the performance of the tested state-of-the-art fastener detection algorithms when they are applied to the images collected in the environment with extremely low and uneven illumination conditions, e.g. subway systems.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Normalization of Topographic Effects on Vegetation Indices

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 2290
Author(s):  
Rui Chen ◽  
Gaofei Yin ◽  
Guoxiang Liu ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Aleixandre Verger
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Topographic Effects ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Illumination Condition ◽  
Vegetation Monitoring ◽  
Local Illumination

The normalization of topographic effects on vegetation indices (VIs) is a prerequisite for their proper use in mountainous areas. We assessed the topographic effects on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and the near-infrared reflectance of terrestrial vegetation (NIRv) calculated from Sentinel-2. The evaluation was based on two criteria: the correlation with local illumination condition and the dependence on aspect. Results show that topographic effects can be neglected for the NDVI, while they heavily influence the SAVI, EVI, and NIRv: the local illumination condition explains 19.85%, 25.37%, and 26.69% of the variation of the SAVI, EVI, and NIRv, respectively, and the coefficients of variation across different aspects are, respectively, 8.13%, 10.46%, and 14.07%. We demonstrated the applicability of existing correction methods, including statistical-empirical (SE), sun-canopy-sensor with C-correction (SCS + C), and path length correction (PLC), dedicatedly designed for reflectance, to normalize topographic effects on VIs. Our study will benefit vegetation monitoring with VIs over mountainous areas.

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