Mechanisms of the Ocular Surface Immune Response

2004 ◽  
pp. 123-154 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Ocular Surface

scholarly journals Exposure to Traffic-Related Particulate Matter 2.5 Triggers Th2-Dominant Ocular Immune Response in a Murine Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2965
Author(s):  
Hyun Soo Lee ◽  
Sehyun Han ◽  
Jeong-Won Seo ◽  
Ki-Joon Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Th2 Cells ◽  
Fluorescein Staining ◽  
Serum Ige

Ambient particulate matter (PM), a major component of air pollution, aggravates ocular discomfort and inflammation, similarly to dry eye disease (DED) or allergies. However, the mechanism(s) by which PM induces the ocular inflammatory response is unknown. This study investigated the immunological response of traffic-related fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the ocular surface in a murine model. C57BL/6 mice were exposed by topical application to PM2.5 or vehicle for 14 days to induce experimental environmental ocular disease. Corneal fluorescein staining and the number of ocular inflammatory cells were assessed in both groups. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in the ocular surface were evaluated by real-time PCR. An immunohistochemical assay evaluated apoptosis and goblet cell density. ELISA was used to determine the levels of serum IgE and cytokines of Type 1 helper (Th1) and Type 2 helper (Th2) cells after in vitro stimulation of T cells in the draining lymph nodes (LNs). Exposure to traffic-related PM2.5 significantly increased corneal fluorescein staining and cellular toxicity in the corneal epithelium compared with the vehicle control. A significant increase in the number of CD11b+ cells on the central cornea and mast cells in the conjunctiva was observed in the PM2.5 group. Exposure to PM2.5 was associated with a significant increase in the corneal or conjunctival expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, and MUC5AC compared to the vehicle, and increased maturation of dendric cells (DCs) (MHC-IIhighCD11c+) in draining LNs. In addition, PM2.5 exposure increased the level of serum IgE and Th2 cytokine production in draining LNs on day 14. In conclusion, exposure to traffic-related PM2.5 caused ocular surface damage and inflammation, which induced DC maturation and the Th2-cell-dominant allergic immune response in draining LNs.

Toll-like receptors in ocular surface diseases: overview and new findings

2011 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 441-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Lambiase ◽  
Alessandra Micera ◽  
Marta Sacchetti ◽  
Flavio Mantelli ◽  
Stefano Bonini
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
New Findings

The ocular surface is the first line of defence in the eye against environmental microbes. The ocular innate immune system consists of a combination of anatomical, mechanical and immunological defence mechanisms. TLRs (Toll-like receptors), widely expressed by the ocular surface, are able to recognize microbial pathogens and to trigger the earliest immune response leading to inflammation. Increasing evidence highlights the crucial role of TLRs in regulating innate immune responses during ocular surface infective and non-infective inflammatory conditions. In addition, recent observations have shown that TLRs modulate the adaptive immune response, also playing an important role in ocular autoimmune and allergic diseases. One of the main goals of ocular surface treatment is to control the inflammatory reaction in order to preserve corneal integrity and transparency. Recent experimental evidence has shown that specific modulation of TLR pathways induces an improvement in several ocular inflammatory conditions, such as allergic conjunctivitis, suggesting new therapeutic anti-inflammatory strategies. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of TLRs at the ocular surface and to propose them as potential targets of therapy for ocular inflammatory conditions.

scholarly journals Ocular Surface as Barrier of Innate Immunity

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Bolaños-Jiménez ◽  
Alejandro Navas ◽  
Erika Paulina López-Lizárraga ◽  
Francesc March de Ribot ◽  
Alexandra Peña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
Lacrimal Apparatus ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Ocular System

Sight is one of the most important senses that human beings possess. The ocular system is a complex structure equipped with mechanisms that prevent or limit damage caused by physical, chemical, infectious and environmental factors. These mechanisms include a series of anatomical, cellular and humoral factors that have been a matter of study. The cornea is not only the most powerful and important lens of the optical system, but also, it has been involved in many other physiological and pathological processes apart from its refractive nature; the morphological and histological properties of the cornea have been thoroughly studied for the last fifty years; drawing attention in its molecular characteristics of immune response. This paper will review the anatomical and physiological aspects of the cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus, as well as the innate immunity at the ocular surface.

scholarly journals The Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Ocular Surface and Prevention Strategies

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Koji Kitazawa ◽  
Stefanie Deinhardt-Emmer ◽  
Takenori Inomata ◽  
Sharvari Deshpande ◽  
Chie Sotozono
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Ocular Tissues ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Global Health Problem

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health problem. Although the respiratory system is the main impaired organ, conjunctivitis is one of its common findings. However, it is not yet understood if SARS-CoV-2 can infect the eye and if the ocular surface can be a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions. Our review focuses on the viral entry mechanisms to give a better understanding of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the eye. We highlighted findings that give evidence for multiple potential receptors of SARS-CoV-2 on the ocular surface. Additionally, we focused on data concerning the detection of viral RNA and its spike protein in the various ocular tissues from patients. However, the expression level seemed to be relatively low compared to the respiratory tissues as a result of a unique environment surrounding the ocular surface and the innate immune response of SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, our review suggests the ocular surface as a potential route for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and as a result of this study we strongly recommend the protection of the eyes for ophthalmologists and patients at risk.

scholarly journals Immunity and pain in the eye: focus on the ocular surface

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romina Mayra Lasagni Vitar ◽  
Filippo Bonelli ◽  
Paolo Rama ◽  
Giulio Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Lipid Mediators ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Ocular Diseases ◽  
Ocular Pain ◽  
Reciprocal Interactions

Abstract Most ocular diseases are associated with pain. While pain has been generally considered a mere (deleterious) additional symptom, it is now emerging that it is a key modulator of innate/adaptive immunity. Because the cornea receives the highest nerve density of the entire body, it is an ideal site to demonstrate interactions between pain and the immune response. Indeed, most neuropeptides involved in pain generation are also potent regulators of innate and adaptive leukocyte physiology. On the other hand, most inflammatory cells can modulate the generation of ocular pain through release of specific mediators (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, lipid mediators). This review will discuss the reciprocal role(s) of ocular surface (and specifically: corneal) pain on the immune response of the eye. Finally, we will discuss clinical implications of such reciprocal interactions in the context of highly prevalent corneal diseases.

scholarly journals Cortisol Biosynthesis in the Human Ocular Surface Innate Immune Response

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e94913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Susarla ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Elizabeth A. Walker ◽  
Iwona J. Bujalska ◽  
Jawaher Alsalem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Innate Immune

Humoral and cellular immune response to a crude exo-antigen and purified keratinase of Microsporum canis in experimentally infected guinea pigs

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Mignon ◽  
T. Leclipteux ◽  
CH. Focant ◽  
A. J. Nikkels ◽  
G. E. PIErard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Microsporum Canis ◽  
Cellular Immune

Abstract #418: Effect of Testosterone (T) Replacement with a T-Gel or a New Oral T Formulation (Rextoro) on Selected Biomarkers of Endothelial Injury and Immune Response to Lipids

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Merrell Magelli ◽  
Ronald Swerdloff ◽  
John Amory ◽  
Gregory Flippo ◽  
Wael Salameh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Endothelial Injury

Author response for "Diabetes alters immune response patterns to acute melioidosis in humans"

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Kronsteiner ◽  
Panjaporn Chaichana ◽  
Manutsanun Sumonwiriya ◽  
Kemajitra Jenjaroen ◽  
Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Response Patterns
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