Cardiovascular Consequences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Insights from Animal Models

Sleep Apnea ◽  
2002 ◽  
pp. 472-485 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

scholarly journals Translational approaches to understanding metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnea

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (7) ◽  
pp. H1101-H1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano F. Drager ◽  
Vsevolod Y. Polotsky ◽  
Christopher P. O'Donnell ◽  
Sergio L. Cravo ◽  
Geraldo Lorenzi-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Made In

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known to be independently associated with several cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, myocardial infarction, and stroke. To determine how OSA can increase cardiovascular risk, animal models have been developed to explore the underlying mechanisms and the cellular and end-organ targets of the predominant pathophysiological disturbance in OSA–intermittent hypoxia. Despite several limitations in translating data from animal models to the clinical arena, significant progress has been made in our understanding of how OSA confers increased cardiovascular risk. It is clear now that the hypoxic stress associated with OSA can elicit a broad spectrum of pathological systemic events including sympathetic activation, systemic inflammation, impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, and endothelial dysfunction, among others. This review provides an update of the basic, clinical, and translational advances in our understanding of the metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular consequences of OSA and highlights the most recent findings and perspectives in the field.

scholarly journals Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Disease: Lessons from Animal Studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rio Dumitrascu ◽  
Joerg Heitmann ◽  
Werner Seeger ◽  
Norbert Weissmann ◽  
Richard Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Free Oxygen Radicals ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) diseases such as arterial hypertension, heart failure, and stroke. Based on human research, sympathetic activation, inflammation, and oxidative stress are thought to play major roles in the pathophysiology of OSA-related CV diseases. Animal models of OSA have shown that endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodelling, and systemic and pulmonary arterial hypertension as well as heart failure can develop in response to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). The available animal data are clearly in favour of oxidative stress playing a key role in the development of all of these CV manifestations of OSA. Presumably, the oxidative stress is due to an activation of NADPH oxidase and other free oxygen radicals producing enzymes within the CV system as evidenced by data from knockout mice and pharmacological interventions. It is hoped that animal models of OSA-related CV disease will continue to contribute to a deeper understanding of their underlying pathophysiology and will foster the way for the development of cardioprotective treatment options other than conventional CPAP therapy.

Morbidity due to obstructive sleep apnea: insights from animal models

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 530-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Farré ◽  
Josep M Montserrat ◽  
Daniel Navajas
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

scholarly journals The Role of Animal Models in Developing Pharmacotherapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2049
Author(s):  
Lenise Jihe Kim ◽  
Carla Freire ◽  
Thomaz Fleury Curado ◽  
Jonathan C. Jun ◽  
Vsevolod Y. Polotsky
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
High Loop ◽  
Prevalent Disease ◽  
Key Factor

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disease characterized by recurrent closure of the upper airway during sleep. It has a complex pathophysiology involving four main phenotypes. An abnormal upper airway anatomy is the key factor that predisposes to sleep-related collapse of the pharynx, but it may not be sufficient for OSA development. Non-anatomical traits, including (1) a compromised neuromuscular response of the upper airway to obstruction, (2) an unstable respiratory control (high loop gain), and (3) a low arousal threshold, predict the development of OSA in association with anatomical abnormalities. Current therapies for OSA, such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and oral appliances, have poor adherence or variable efficacy among patients. The search for novel therapeutic approaches for OSA, including pharmacological agents, has been pursued over the past years. New insights into OSA pharmacotherapy have been provided by preclinical studies, which highlight the importance of appropriate use of animal models of OSA, their applicability, and limitations. In the present review, we discuss potential pharmacological targets for OSA discovered using animal models.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Complications of Sleep Apnea: Role of Oxidative Stress

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Badran ◽  
Najib Ayas ◽  
Ismail Laher
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs in 2% of middle-aged women and 4% of middle-aged men with a higher prevalence among obese subjects. This condition is considered as an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. One of the major pathophysiological characteristics of OSA is intermittent hypoxia. Hypoxia can lead to oxidative stress and overproduction of reactive oxygen species, which can lead to endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of atherosclerosis. Many animal models, such as the rodent model of intermittent hypoxia, mimic obstructive sleep apnea in human patients and allow more in-depth investigation of biological and cellular mechanisms of this condition. This review discusses the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease resulting from OSA in humans and animal models.

Treating Velopharyngeal Inadequacy Using Bilateral Buccal Flap Revision Palatoplasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 878-892
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Napoli ◽  
Linda D. Vallino
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Buccal Flap

Purpose The 2 most commonly used operations to treat velopharyngeal inadequacy (VPI) are superiorly based pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty, both of which may result in hyponasal speech and airway obstruction. The purpose of this article is to (a) describe the bilateral buccal flap revision palatoplasty (BBFRP) as an alternative technique to manage VPI while minimizing these risks and (b) conduct a systematic review of the evidence of BBFRP on speech and other clinical outcomes. A report comparing the speech of a child with hypernasality before and after BBFRP is presented. Method A review of databases was conducted for studies of buccal flaps to treat VPI. Using the principles of a systematic review, the articles were read, and data were abstracted for study characteristics that were developed a priori. With respect to the case report, speech and instrumental data from a child with repaired cleft lip and palate and hypernasal speech were collected and analyzed before and after surgery. Results Eight articles were included in the analysis. The results were positive, and the evidence is in favor of BBFRP in improving velopharyngeal function, while minimizing the risk of hyponasal speech and obstructive sleep apnea. Before surgery, the child's speech was characterized by moderate hypernasality, and after surgery, it was judged to be within normal limits. Conclusion Based on clinical experience and results from the systematic review, there is sufficient evidence that the buccal flap is effective in improving resonance and minimizing obstructive sleep apnea. We recommend BBFRP as another approach in selected patients to manage VPI. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9919352

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