Animal Surrogate Systems

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Michael Shuler ◽  
Sarina Harris ◽  
Xinran Li ◽  
Mandy Esch
Keyword(s):  
Surrogate Systems

scholarly journals Mapping the Interactions of HBV cccDNA with Host Factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd-Ismail ◽  
Lim ◽  
Gunaratne ◽  
Tan
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Hbv Replication ◽  
Hbv Cccdna ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Surrogate Systems

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem affecting about 300 million people globally. Although successful administration of a prophylactic vaccine has reduced new infections, a cure for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is still unavailable. Current anti-HBV therapies slow down disease progression but are not curative as they cannot eliminate or permanently silence HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The cccDNA minichromosome persists in the nuclei of infected hepatocytes where it forms the template for all viral transcription. Interactions between host factors and cccDNA are crucial for its formation, stability, and transcriptional activity. Here, we summarize the reported interactions between HBV cccDNA and various host factors and their implications on HBV replication. While the virus hijacks certain cellular processes to complete its life cycle, there are also host factors that restrict HBV infection. Therefore, we review both positive and negative regulation of HBV cccDNA by host factors and the use of small molecule drugs or sequence-specific nucleases to target these interactions or cccDNA directly. We also discuss several reporter-based surrogate systems that mimic cccDNA biology which can be used for drug library screening of cccDNA-targeting compounds as well as identification of cccDNA-related targets.

scholarly journals Oxygen Surrogate Systems for Supporting Human Drug-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 432-437
Author(s):  
Silja J. Strohmaier ◽  
James J. De Voss ◽  
Ulrik Jurva ◽  
Shalini Andersson ◽  
Elizabeth M.J. Gillam
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
Surrogate Systems

Dual-reporter surrogate systems for efficient enrichment of genetically modified cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (14) ◽  
pp. 2763-2772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chonghua Ren ◽  
Kun Xu ◽  
Zhongtian Liu ◽  
Juncen Shen ◽  
Furong Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Dual Reporter ◽  
Surrogate Systems

scholarly journals External Representations and Scientific Understanding

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaakko Kuorikoski ◽  
Petri Ylikoski
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Extended Cognition ◽  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
External Representations ◽  
Counterfactual Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
Surrogate Systems

This paper provides an inferentialist account of modelKbased understanding by combining a counterfactual account of explanation and an inferentialist account of representation with a view of modeling as extended cognition. This account makes it understandable how the manipulation of surrogate systems like models can provide genuinely new empirical understanding about the world. Similarly, the account provides an answer to the question how models, that always incorporate assumptions that are literally untrue of the model target, can still provide factive explanations. Finally, the paper shows how the contrastive counterfactual theory of explanation can provide tools for assessing the explanatory power of models.

ROM-Based Surrogate Systems Modeling of EBR-II

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeni Li ◽  
Hany S. Abdel-Khalik ◽  
Acacia J. Brunett ◽  
Elise Jennings ◽  
Travis Mui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systems Modeling ◽  
Surrogate Systems

scholarly journals Post-genomic progress in helminth parasitology

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (8) ◽  
pp. 835-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul McVeigh
Keyword(s):  
British Society ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Parasite Life Cycle ◽  
Current State ◽  
Genomic Tools ◽  
Parasite Biology ◽  
Genomics Tools ◽  
Surrogate Systems

AbstractHelminth parasitology is an important discipline, which poses often unique technical challenges. One challenge is that helminth parasites, particularly those in humans, are often difficult to obtain alive and in sufficient quantities for study; another is the challenge of studying these organisms in vitro – no helminth parasite life cycle has been fully recapitulated outside of a host. Arguably, the key issue retarding progress in helminth parasitology has been a lack of experimental tools and resources, certainly relative to the riches that have driven many parasitologists to adopt free-living model organisms as surrogate systems. In response to these needs, the past 10–12 years have seen the beginnings of helminth parasitology's journey into the ‘omics’ era, with the release of abundant sequencing resources, and the functional genomics tools with which to test biological hypotheses. To reflect this progress, the 2019 Autumn Symposium of the British Society for Parasitology was held in Queen's University Belfast on the topic of ‘post-genomic progress in helminth parasitology’. This issue presents examples of the current state of play in the field, while this editorial summarizes how genomic datasets and functional genomic tools have stimulated impressive recent progress in our understanding of parasite biology.

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