Epidemiology and Control of Nematode Infection and Disease in Humans

2002 ◽  
pp. 599-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Bundy ◽  
Helen Guyatt ◽  
Edwin Michael
Keyword(s):  
Nematode Infection ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals A review of the epidemiology and control of gastrointestinal nematode infections in cattle in Zimbabwe

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davies M. Pfukenyi ◽  
Samson Mukaratirwa
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Parasitic Gastroenteritis ◽  
And Control ◽  
National Control Programme

In this review, the main gastrointestinal nematodes infecting cattle in Zimbabwe and the epidemiological factors influencing their occurrence are reviewed and discussed. Nineteen gastrointestinal nematode species that belong to seven families have been found to occur in cattle in Zimbabwe. The main genera reported to date are Cooperia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Oesophagostomumand the dominant species are Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia punctata, Haemonchus placei and Trichostrongylus axei. The mixed infection by several species from the genera is the cause of parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle in Zimbabwe. Production and husbandry practices, season, host age and environment are considered to be the main factors that influence gastrointestinal nematode infection in cattle. The geographical distribution of the gastrointestinal nematodes is also reviewed in relation to the climatic conditions of the country. Various control options are discussed and how they are applicable to the Zimbabwean situation. Based on reports and existing data on the epidemiological features of the gastrointestinal nematode infection in cattle, practical control measures are critically reviewed and recommendations are made for a national control programme. 

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF A MIXED NEMATODE INFECTION ON THE SITE OF PLASMA PROTEIN ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 197-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. BOWN ◽  
D. P. POPPI ◽  
A. R. SYKES
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Protein Absorption ◽  
Plasma Loss ◽  
Intestinal Parasitism ◽  
And Control

Absorption of albumin across the whole small intestine was high (0.87) and occurred mostly distal to the site of intestinal parasitism in both parasitized and control animals. This helps to explain why intestinal parasitism has no effect on protein absorption from the small intestine. Key words: Sheep, nematode, plasma loss, albumin absorption

15 Differentially Expressed Long Non-coding RNA Associated with Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection in Divergent Immune Response Sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 7-8
Author(s):  
Maria Malane M Muniz ◽  
Mohammed Boareki ◽  
Samantha Dixon ◽  
Andrew S Peregrine ◽  
Paula Menzies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
And Control ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna ◽  
Transcript Discovery

Abstract Gastrointestinal nematode infection is one of the major production problems for sheep producers worldwide due its high incidence, morbidity, and mortality in affected flocks. The study of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in liver tissue of high (HIR) and low immune responder (LIR) sheep to GINs using RNA-Sequencing technology may provide a better understanding of the gene regulation mechanism associated with the host response to the infection. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed (DE) lncRNA between HIR and LIR natural infested sheep and control group. Liver tissue samples from the 13 divergent animals (out of a population of 211) based on their immunoglobulin G levels after vaccination using Hen Egg White (HEW) Lysozyme, and immature abomasum worm counts [HIR (> 4000) (n = 5), LIR (< 1500) (n=5) and control (no parasite challenge) (n=4) groups] were used to perform transcriptomic analysis using RNA-Sequencing. The “Large Gap read mapping “and “Transcript Discovery” tools from CLC Genomics Workbench 20.0.4 (CLC Bio, Aarhus, Denmark), were used to map reads to a reference genome (Oar_rambouillet_v1.0) and transcript discovery, respectively. The FEELnc software was used to identify, from predicted transcript model, potential lncRNAs and classify those transcripts into intro putative lncRNAs and protein coding RNAs. As preliminary results, 8 and 48 DE lncRNAs for HIR and LIR compared to control group were identified, respectively using an adjusted p-value False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.05 and Fold change (FC) abs > 2. Functional analyses using the list of DE lncRNAs identified metabolic pathways related to immune function. In depth analysis will help to better understand the physiological mechanisms of resilience of high immune sheep.

scholarly journals Coprological detection of equine nematodes among slaughtered donkeys (Equus asinus) in Kaltungo, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1911-1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Nnia Egbe-Nwiyi ◽  
Bura Thlama Paul ◽  
Ajuji Chungsyn Cornelius
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Equus Asinus ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
And Control ◽  
Strongyloides Westeri

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and intensity of nematode infection among slaughtered donkeys in Kaltungo, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 72 fecal samples were examined by salt flotation and the modified McMaster fecal egg count technique to morphologically identify nematodes eggs and determine their egg per gram (EPG) outputs. Results: Out of a total of 72 (100%) donkeys sampled, 36 (50%) tested positive, but the prevalence of nematodes was independent of the age, sex, and breed of donkeys (p>0.05). Among the four species of nematodes identified in single and mixed infections, Strongylus spp. (27.8%) and Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (13.9%) were the most prevalent followed by Strongyloides westeri (5.6%) and Trichonema spp. (5.6%). Infected donkeys had moderate overall mean EPG (801.39±611.3) with no statistical differences between age groups and sexes (p>0.05), but means of EPG were significantly higher (p<0.05) in Duni (1026.92±719.55) than Idabari (673.91±514.75). Light EPG count was recorded among 63.9% of infected donkeys, while 16.7% and 19.4% had moderate and severe infections, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence and importance of equine nematodes were discussed in connection to their epidemiology and control. Furthermore, the preponderance of light infection may suggest that donkeys in this environment developed resistance to nematode infection and are potential reservoirs for other equines.

Control of Metal Alloy Oxidation with Electric Fields

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
R. R. Dils ◽  
P. S. Follansbee
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Base Alloy ◽  
Oxide Surface ◽  
Platinum Electrodes ◽  
Insulating Layer ◽  
Iron Base Alloy ◽  
Alloy Oxidation ◽  
Aluminum Oxide Layer ◽  
And Control

Electric fields have been applied across oxides growing on a high temperature alloy and control of the oxidation of the material has been demonstrated. At present, three-fold increases in the oxidation rate have been measured in accelerating fields and the oxidation process has been completely stopped in a retarding field.The experiments have been conducted with an iron-base alloy, Pe 25Cr 5A1 0.1Y, although, in principle, any alloy capable of forming an adherent aluminum oxide layer during oxidation can be used. A specimen is polished and oxidized to produce a thin, uniform insulating layer on one surface. Three platinum electrodes are sputtered on the oxide surface and the specimen is reoxidized.

Evidence for a Blood Ganglion Barrier in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of the Rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
D. M. DePace
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Time Schedule ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Ganglia ◽  
Capillary Circulation ◽  
And Control

The majority of blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion possess a continuous endothelium with tight junctions. These same features have been associated with the blood brain barrier of the central nervous system and peripheral nerves. These vessels may perform a barrier function between the capillary circulation and the superior cervical ganglion. The permeability of the blood vessels in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat was tested by intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Three experimental groups of four animals each were given intravenous HRP (Sigma Type II) in a dosage of.08 to.15 mg/gm body weight in.5 ml of.85% saline. The animals were sacrificed at five, ten or 15 minutes following administration of the tracer. Superior cervical ganglia were quickly removed and fixed by immersion in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in Sorenson's.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Three control animals received,5ml of saline without HRP. These were sacrificed on the same time schedule. Tissues from experimental and control animals were reacted for peroxidase activity and then processed for routine transmission electron microscopy.

Effects of renovascular hypertension on rat adrenal zona glomerulosa

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 582-583
Author(s):  
G. Mazzocchi ◽  
P. Rebuffat ◽  
C. Robba ◽  
P. Vassanelli ◽  
G. G. Nussdorfer
Keyword(s):  
Renovascular Hypertension ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Left Renal Artery ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
And Control

It is well known that the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa steroidogenic activity is controlled by the renin-angiotensin system. The ultrastructural changes in the rat zona glomerulosa cells induced by renovascular hypertension were described previously, but as far as we are aware no correlated biochemical and morphometric investigations were performed.Twenty adult male albino rats were divided into 2 experimental groups. One group was subjected to restriction of blood flow to the left kidney by the application of a silver clip about the left renal artery. The other group was sham-operated and served as a control. Renovascular hypertension developed in about 10 days: sistolic blood pressure averaged 165 ± 6. 4 mmHg, whereas it was about 110 ± 3. 8 mmHg in the control animals. The hypertensive and control rats were sacrificed 20 days after the operation. The blood was collected and plasma renin activity was determined by radioimmunological methods. The aldosterone concentration was radioimmunologically assayed both in the plasma and in the homogenate of the left capsular adrenal gland.

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