Interactions between Ultraviolet-B and Total Ozone Concentrations in the Continental United States

2012 ◽  
pp. 410-437
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Ozone Concentrations

scholarly journals Measurements of total and tropospheric ozone from IASI: comparison with correlative satellite, ground-based and ozonesonde observations

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 6255-6271 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Boynard ◽  
C. Clerbaux ◽  
P.-F. Coheur ◽  
D. Hurtmans ◽  
S. Turquety ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Resolution ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Positive Bias ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Infrared Radiance ◽  
Atmospheric Sounding ◽  
Ozone Monitoring ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. In this paper, we present measurements of total and tropospheric ozone, retrieved from infrared radiance spectra recorded by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), which was launched on board the MetOp-A European satellite in October 2006. We compare IASI total ozone columns to Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) observations and ground-based measurements from the Dobson and Brewer network for one full year of observations (2008). The IASI total ozone columns are shown to be in good agreement with both GOME-2 and ground-based data, with correlation coefficients of about 0.9 and 0.85, respectively. On average, IASI ozone retrievals exhibit a positive bias of about 9 DU (3.3%) compared to both GOME-2 and ground-based measurements. In addition to total ozone columns, the good spectral resolution of IASI enables the retrieval of tropospheric ozone concentrations. Comparisons of IASI tropospheric columns to 490 collocated ozone soundings available from several stations around the globe have been performed for the period of June 2007–August 2008. IASI tropospheric ozone columns compare well with sonde observations, with correlation coefficients of 0.95 and 0.77 for the [surface–6 km] and [surface–12 km] partial columns, respectively. IASI retrievals tend to overestimate the tropospheric ozone columns in comparison with ozonesonde measurements. Positive average biases of 0.15 DU (1.2%) and 3 DU (11%) are found for the [surface–6 km] and for the [surface–12 km] partial columns respectively.

The importance of stratospheric–tropospheric transport in affecting surface ozone concentrations in the western and northern tier of the United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (28) ◽  
pp. 4845-4857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen S. Lefohn ◽  
Heini Wernli ◽  
Douglas Shadwick ◽  
Sebastian Limbach ◽  
Samuel J. Oltmans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ozone Concentrations

scholarly journals Seasonal prediction of US summertime ozone using statistical analysis of large scale climate patterns

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (10) ◽  
pp. 2491-2496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Shen ◽  
Loretta J. Mickley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Northeast Pacific ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Climate Patterns ◽  
Ocean Atmosphere ◽  
Ozone Episodes

We develop a statistical model to predict June–July–August (JJA) daily maximum 8-h average (MDA8) ozone concentrations in the eastern United States based on large-scale climate patterns during the previous spring. We find that anomalously high JJA ozone in the East is correlated with these springtime patterns: warm tropical Atlantic and cold northeast Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs), as well as positive sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies over Hawaii and negative SLP anomalies over the Atlantic and North America. We then develop a linear regression model to predict JJA MDA8 ozone from 1980 to 2013, using the identified SST and SLP patterns from the previous spring. The model explains ∼45% of the variability in JJA MDA8 ozone concentrations and ∼30% variability in the number of JJA ozone episodes (>70 ppbv) when averaged over the eastern United States. This seasonal predictability results from large-scale ocean–atmosphere interactions. Warm tropical Atlantic SSTs can trigger diabatic heating in the atmosphere and influence the extratropical climate through stationary wave propagation, leading to greater subsidence, less precipitation, and higher temperatures in the East, which increases surface ozone concentrations there. Cooler SSTs in the northeast Pacific are also associated with more summertime heatwaves and high ozone in the East. On average, models participating in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project fail to capture the influence of this ocean–atmosphere interaction on temperatures in the eastern United States, implying that such models would have difficulty simulating the interannual variability of surface ozone in this region.

Geographical Properties of Ozone Concentrations in the Northeastern United States

1977 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Cleveland ◽  
Beat Kleiner ◽  
Jean E. McRae ◽  
Jack L. Warner ◽  
Ralph E. Pasceri
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Ozone Concentrations

scholarly journals Effects of climate changes and road exposure on the rapidly rising legionellosis incidence rates in the United States

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250364
Author(s):  
Xiang Y. Han
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Climate Anomalies ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Rising Incidence

Legionellosis is an infection acquired through inhalation of aerosols that are contaminated with environmental bacteria Legionella spp. The bacteria require warm temperature for proliferation in bodies of water and moist soil. The legionellosis incidence in the United States has been rising rapidly in the past two decades without a clear explanation. In the meantime, the US has recorded consecutive years of above-norm temperature since 1997 and precipitation surplus since 2008. The present study analyzed the legionellosis incidence in the US during the 20-year period of 1999 to 2018 and correlated with concurrent temperature, precipitation, solar ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, and vehicle mileage data. The age-adjusted legionellosis incidence rates rose exponentially from 0.40/100,000 in 1999 (with 1108 cases) to 2.69/100,000 in 2018 (with 9933 cases) at a calculated annual increase of 110%. In regression analyses, the rise correlated with an increase in vehicle miles driven and with temperature and precipitation levels that have been above the 1901–2000 mean since 1997 and 2008, respectively, suggesting more road exposure to traffic-generated aerosols and promotive effects of anomalous climate. Remarkably, the regressions with cumulative anomalies of temperature and precipitation were robust (R2 ≥ 0.9145, P ≤ 4.7E-11), implying possible changes to microbial ecology in the terrestrial and aquatic environments. An interactive synergy between annual precipitation and vehicle miles was also found in multiple regressions. Meanwhile, the bactericidal UVB radiation has been decreasing, which also contributed to the rising incidence in an inverse correlation. The 2018 legionellosis incidence peak corresponded to cumulative effects of the climate anomalies, vast vehicle miles (3,240 billion miles, 15904 km per capita), record high precipitation (880.1 mm), near record low UVB radiation (7488 kJ/m2), and continued above-norm temperature (11.96°C). These effects were examined and demonstrated in California, Florida, New Jersey, Ohio, and Wisconsin, states that represent diverse incidence rates and climates. The incidence and above-norm temperature both rose most in cold Wisconsin. These results suggest that warming temperature and precipitation surplus have likely elevated the density of Legionella bacteria in the environment, and together with road exposure explain the rapidly rising incidence of legionellosis in the United States. These trends are expected to continue, warranting further research and efforts to prevent infection.

scholarly journals The influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation on mean and extreme values of column ozone over the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 21065-21099
Author(s):  
I. Petropavlovskikh ◽  
R. Evans ◽  
G. McConville ◽  
G. L. Manney ◽  
H. E. Rieder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Atlantic Oscillation ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation ◽  
Column Ozone

Abstract. Continuous measurements of total ozone (by Dobson spectrophotometers) across the contiguous United States (US) began in the early 1960s. Here, we analyze temporal and spatial variability and trends in total ozone from the five US sites with long-term records. While similar long-term ozone changes are detected at all five sites, we find differences in the patterns of ozone variability on shorter time scales. In addition to standard evaluation techniques, STL-decomposition methods (Seasonal Trend decomposition of time series based on LOcally wEighted Scatterplot Smoothing, LOESS) are used to address temporal variability and trends in the Dobson data. The LOESS-smoothed trend components show a decline of total ozone between the 1970s and 2000s and a "stabilization" at lower levels in recent years, which is also confirmed by linear trend analysis. Methods from statistical extreme value theory (EVT) are used to characterize days with high and low total ozone (termed EHOs and ELOs, respectively) at each station and to analyze temporal changes in the frequency of ozone extremes and their relationship to dynamical features such as the North Atlantic Oscillation and El Niño Southern Oscillation. A comparison of the "fingerprints" detected in the frequency distribution of the extremes with those for standard metrics (i.e., the mean) shows that more "fingerprints" are found for the extremes, particularly for the positive phase of the NAO, at all five US monitoring sites. Results from the STL-decomposition support the findings of the EVT analysis. Finally, we analyze the relative influence of low and high ozone events on seasonal mean column ozone at each station. The results show that the influence of ELOs and EHOs on seasonal mean column ozone can be as much as ±5%, or about twice as large as the overall long-term decadal ozone trends.

Pathological anatomy of needles of Pinus strobus exposed to carbon-filtered air or to three times ambient ozone concentrations, or infected by Canavirgella banfieldii

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. 1331-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
N G Wenner ◽  
W Merrill
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pathological Anatomy ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Ambient Ozone ◽  
Ozone Concentrations ◽  
Ozone Injury ◽  
Unknown Composition ◽  
Mature Size ◽  
Needle Blight

A necrosis of succulent, elongating, current-year needles of Pinus strobus in the northeastern United States, frequently attributed to "ozone damage," is not due to ozone. The pathological anatomy of affected needles differs from that described for ozone injury and is virtually identical to that described as "semimature-tissue needle blight." The syndrome on affected trees throughout the northeastern United States is consistently associated with the presence of the needlecast fungus, Canavirgella banfieldii. This fungus occurs in the mesophyll of both healthy appearing and dying tissues of such needles before these needles have elongated to half their mature size. The pathological anatomy of infected needles agrees with that described for needlecasts by other researchers, beginning with R. Hartig. In contrast, healthy clones of field-symptomatic and field-asymptomatic trees exposed in open-top chambers to carbon-filtered air and to air adjusted on an hourly basis to 3× ambient ozone concentrations incurred a distinctly different tip necrosis. These necrotic tissues were delimited by an intercellular gummy deposit of unknown composition that appeared to be a type of walling-out response. No hyphae were present in these needles. The pathological anatomy of such needles resembled neither that of the symptomatic parent trees in the field, nor that previously demonstrated in various conifers as due to ozone.Key words: Pinus strobus, Canavirgella banfieldii, needle blight, needlecast, ozone.

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