Morphological and Molecular Taxonomy of Highly Toxigenic Fusarium Species from Small Cereal Grains in Northern Europe and Asia

2012 ◽  
pp. 287-314
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Molecular Taxonomy ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Northern Europe

scholarly journals Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains – An Update

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora A. Foroud ◽  
Danica Baines ◽  
Tatiana Y. Gagkaeva ◽  
Nehal Thakor ◽  
Ana Badea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Genetics Of Resistance ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Host Tissues

Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins produced by fungi from the order Hypocreales, including members of the Fusarium genus that infect cereal grain crops. Different trichothecene-producing Fusarium species and strains have different trichothecene chemotypes belonging to the Type A and B class. These fungi cause a disease of small grain cereals, called Fusarium head blight, and their toxins contaminate host tissues. As potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis, trichothecenes pose a health risk to human and animal consumers of infected cereal grains. In 2009, Foroud and Eudes published a review of trichothecenes in cereal grains for human consumption. As an update to this review, the work herein provides a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary review of the Fusarium trichothecenes covering topics in chemistry and biochemistry, pathogen biology, trichothecene toxicity, molecular mechanisms of resistance or detoxification, genetics of resistance and breeding strategies to reduce their contamination of wheat and barley.

scholarly journals Molecular Quantification and Genetic Diversity of Toxigenic Fusarium Species in Northern Europe as Compared to Those in Southern Europe

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapani Yli-Mattila ◽  
Sari Rämö ◽  
Veli Hietaniemi ◽  
Taha Hussien ◽  
Ana Carlobos-Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Southern Europe

scholarly journals T-2 Toxin Induces Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis and Cytoprotective Autophagy in Chicken Hepatocytes

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huadong Yin ◽  
Shunshun Han ◽  
Yuqi Chen ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Diyan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Toxicological Effect ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes

T-2 toxin is type A trichothecenes mycotoxin, which produced by fusarium species in cereal grains. T-2 toxin has been shown to induce a series of toxic effects on the health of human and animal, such as immunosuppression and carcinogenesis. Previous study has proven that T-2 toxin caused hepatotoxicity in chicken, but the regulatory mechanism is unclear. In the present study, we assessed the toxicological effect of T-2 toxin on apoptosis and autophagy in hepatocytes. The total of 120 1-day-old healthy broilers were allocated randomly into four groups and reared for 21 day with complete feed containing 0 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg T-2 toxin, respectively. The results showed that the apoptosis rate and pathological changes degree hepatocytes were aggravated with the increase of T-2 toxin. At the molecular mechanism level, T-2 toxin induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by producing reactive oxygen species, promoting cytochrome c translocation between the mitochondria and cytoplasm, and thus promoting apoptosomes formation. Meanwhile, the expression of the autophagy-related protein, ATG5, ATG7 and Beclin-1, and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio were increased, while p62 was downregulated, suggesting T-2 toxin caused autophagy in hepatocytes. Further experiments demonstrated that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal may be participated in autophagy induced by T-2 toxin in chicken hepatocytes. These data suggest a possible underlying molecular mechanism for T-2 toxin that induces apoptosis and autophagy in chicken hepatocytes

Immunological Detection of Fusarium Species in Cornmeal

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. IYER ◽  
M. A. COUSIN
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Indirect Elisa ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Fusarium Semitectum ◽  
Fusarium Tricinctum ◽  
Producer Strains

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect Fusarium species in foods. Antibodies to proteins extracted from the mycelia of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium moniliforme (verticillioides) were produced in New Zealand white rabbits. These antibodies detected 13 Fusarium species in addition to the producer strains. Levels of Fusarium semitectum and Fusarium tricinctum strains were below the detection threshold. The specificity of the assay was tested against 70 molds and yeasts belonging to 23 genera. One strain of Monascus species and one strain of Phoma exigua were detected; however, these two molds are not common contaminants of cereal grains or foods and should not interfere with the assay. The indirect ELISA's detection limits for F. graminearum and F. moniliforme were 0.1 and 1 μg of mold mycelium per ml of a cornmeal mixture, respectively. When spores of each mold were added individually to cornmeal mixtures (at ca. 10 spores per g) and incubated at 25°C, these spores were detected by the indirect ELISA when they reached levels of 102 to 103 CFU/ml after 24 to 36 h. The indirect ELISA developed here shows promise for the detection of Fusarium species in grains or foods.

Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi on cereal grains in western Canada

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 982-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Aspergillus Versicolor ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Aurantiogriseum

Toxins occasionally present on cereal grains in the field in western Canada include ergot alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea and trichothecenes produced by Fusarium species, particularly Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum. HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and deoxynivalenol are the main trichothecenes encountered. During storage of cereals, the predominant toxins and toxigenic fungi are ochratoxin A and citrinin produced by Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P. chrysogenum, and P. verrucosum and sterigmatocystin produced by Aspergillus versicolor. The incidence of toxin-contaminated grains is extremely low relative to the volume of grains produced. Occurrence of toxins is influenced by field moisture, temperature, and bin storage conditions of a particular year. The risk of toxin production is highest in durum wheat and lowest in oats.Key words: ochratoxin A, citrinin, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, ergot alkaloids.

Zearalenone risk in European wheat

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Trichothecene Mycotoxin ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Breakfast Cereals ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Uk

Zearalenone is an oestrogenic mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species which can infect cereals, in particular wheat and maize. The predominant species responsible for zearalenone production is Fusarium graminearum, which also produces the trichothecene mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol. The infection and subsequent mycotoxin production by Fusarium spp. is largely dependent on rainfall at flowering and before harvest. High concentrations of zearalenone in particular, appear to be produced during delayed wet harvests. There has been a recent and ongoing increase in F. graminearum incidence resulting in increased occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone across northern Europe, where delayed wet harvests are more common. Zearalenone contamination of grain is largely restricted to the outer layers of wheat grain and therefore is partitioned into the bran fraction during milling. This results in higher concentrations of zearalenone in high fibre cereal products. After the delayed wet harvest in the UK in 2008, 29% of wheat at harvest exceeded the European limit for unprocessed cereals of 100 µg/kg. This resulted in difficulties in sourcing bran which would allow production of high fibre breakfast cereals within zearalenone limits and the European Commission provided a temporary derogation for high fibre breakfast cereals of 100 µg/kg zearalenone until 31 October 2009. Rainfall data and zearalenone concentrations in UK wheat from the last ten years were used to predict the occurrence of high zearalenone in wheat (10% or more of unprocessed wheat greater than 100 µg/ kg zearalenone). High zearalenone was predicted to occur one year in five for northern Europe which matches the observed incidence for the UK within the last ten years. As a consequence, current legislative limits for zearalenone in cereals and cereal products could impact on the availability of high fibre cereal products one year in five.

Updated survey of Fusarium species and toxins in Finnish cereal grains

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 831-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veli Hietaniemi ◽  
Sari Rämö ◽  
Tapani Yli-Mattila ◽  
Marika Jestoi ◽  
Sari Peltonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Cereal Grains

A molecular based strategy for rapid diagnosis of toxigenic Fusarium species associated to cereal grains from Argentina

2010 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Sampietro ◽  
P. Marín ◽  
J. Iglesias ◽  
D.A. Presello ◽  
M.A. Vattuone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Cereal Grains

Preclinical operative dentistry courses in northern Europe and Scandinavia

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-317
Author(s):  
NH Wilson ◽  
A Richards ◽  
J Laverock ◽  
MS Purkiss
Keyword(s):  
Northern Europe ◽  
Operative Dentistry
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