A Free Market for Human Organs MEGAN CLAY, MA AND WALTER BLOCK, PhD

2011 ◽  
pp. 79-88
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Human Organs

scholarly journals 人體器官買賣有何不可？

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
Kam Por YU
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Insurance Premium ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Financial Gain ◽  
Cash Payment ◽  
Easy Answer ◽  
The Government ◽  
Effective Use

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文檢討贊成和反對器官買賣的論據，討論了五個反對和兩個贊成器官買賣的論據。五個反對器宮買賣的論據是：（一）器官買賣剝削窮人；（二）器官買賣促進罪惡；（三）器官買賣製造家庭矛盾；（四）器官買賣鼓吹金錢萬能；（五）器官買賣貶低人性尊嚴。兩個贊成器官買賣的論據是：（一）買賣器官是個人權利；（二）買賣器官令資源得到更有效運用。筆者認為兩方面的論據都缺乏說服力，器官買賣並不是一個是非分明的問題，而是一個有待深思的倫理學難題。容許器官買賣，並不是等於完全容許自由買賣。在特定的限制下，例如：（一）限制買賣的類別；（二）限制賣方的資格；（三）限制買方的資格；（四）限制售賣的價格；（五）限制售貴的方式，可以將容許器官買賣的好處提高，及將容許器官買賣的壞處減低。在特定的情況下容許買賣，可以給予人們金錢利益以提高其供應器官的意顧，並不可以與完全自由買賣器官混為一談，值得進一步的認真探究。ln this paper I examine the arguments for and against the buying and selling of human organs . I examine five opposing and two supporting arguments. The five opposing arguments are: (I) exploitation of the poor; (2) fostering crime; (3) creating a conflict between a person and his family; (4) contributing to the prevailing ethos of everything being for sale; (5) degrading human dignity. The two supporting arguments are: (1) self-ownership of human beings; (2) effective use of resources.I argue that none of the opposing and supporting arguments are convincing. The buying and selling of human organs is not a problem with a clear and easy answer. It is instead a difficult ethical problem.The use of the profit incentives to increase the supply of organs should not be mixed up with a literal commodification of human organs. There can be different ways of selling organs. Although human organs may have a special status quite different from other commodities, this may just mean that human organs should be sold very differently rather than that they should not be sold at all.Organ selling can be restricted in the following ways: (1) buyer, e.g. only the government can be the buyer; (2) seller, e.g. only the "host" can be the seller (i.e. no resale is allowed); (3) price, e.g. one price system; (4) form, e.g. financial gain but no cash payment (such as reduction of insurance premium or compensation of estate); (5) content, e.g. only cadaveric organs can be sold; (6) purpose, e.g. only for transplantation.Under such or similar restrictions, the advantages of allowing buying and selling organs can be promoted and the disadvantages can be avoided. Such arrangements deserve further investigation. If we take such restrictions into consideration, many objections against organ selling are not as convincing as they first appear to be.My conclusions are as follows: (I) The arguments against the selling of organs as outlined in this paper can at most show that an unrestricted free market of organs is wrong, but they cannot show that the use of monetary incentives to increase the supply of organs is wrong. (2) The arguments for the selling of organs as outlined in this paper cannot show that people have a right to sell their organs. (3) It does not seem unreasonable to hold the view that the use of monetary incentives is acceptable but an unrestricted free market of human organs is not.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 1039 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Economic Development in 2006 and the Future of the Russian Economy: The Non-Resource-Based Sector Potential (The Economic Report of All-Russia Business Union “Delovaya Rossiya”)

2007 ◽  
pp. 27-45
Author(s):  
B. Titov ◽  
I. Pilipenko ◽  
A. Danilov-Danilyan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Economic Report ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Investment Capital ◽  
Export Industries ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth

The report considers how the state economic policy contributes to the national economic development in the midterm perspective. It analyzes main current economic problems of the Russian economy, i.e. low effectiveness of the social system, high dependence on export industries and natural resources, high monopolization and underdeveloped free market, as well as barriers that hinder non-recourse-based business development including high tax burden, skilled labor deficit and lack of investment capital. We propose a social-oriented market economy as the Russian economic model to achieve a sustainable economic growth in the long-term perspective. This model is based on people’s prosperity and therefore expanding domestic demand that stimulates the growth of domestic non-resource-based sector which in turn can accelerate annual GDP growth rates to 10-12%. To realize this model "Delovaya Rossiya" proposes a program that consists of a number of directions and key groups of measures covering priority national projects, tax, fiscal, monetary, innovative-industrial, trade and social policies.

The attitude of physicians of donor bases to problems of transplantation of human organs and tissues

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romanov S. V. ◽  
◽  
Alexandrova O. Yu. ◽  
Abaieva O. P. ◽  
Smirnova G. Yu. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Organs

PENGARUH PERPUTARAN PIUTANG DAN SOLVABILITAS TERHADAP KONDISI FINANCIAL DISTRESS PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR SEKTOR GARMEN DAN TEKSTIL DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Siska Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Financial Distress ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Leverage Ratio ◽  
Ratio Effect ◽  
Waste Bank ◽  
Solvency Ratio

Manufacture Sub Sector Garment And Textile have financial distress condition. Increas of sales is one of choice for company can be competitive in free market. But increase of sales will be followed by the many possibilities of uncollected receivable or the low receivable turnover which can effect forced the company to further provide working capital. One way is to get working capital from a third part or what we call debt.This research aims to determine the effect of receivable turnover and the solvency ratio toward the financial distressThe problems of the research were: 1) is the receivable turnover effect toward financial distress condition on Garmen and textile company Listed on IDX on 2011-2015? 2) is the leverage ratio effect toward financial distress condition on Garmen and textile company Listed on IDX on 2011-2015 ? 3) Are the receivable turnover and solvency ratio effect toward financial distress condition on Garmen and textile company Listed on IDX on 2011-2015?The sample of this research is 11 Manufacture company of sub sector Garmen And Textile were taken by using purposive sampling techniques. This research data used secondary data that getting from literature review. Data were tested using multiple linear regression analysis to determine the effect between one variable with another variables, and the data was then processed using SPSS 22.0 for windows.Result of the research showed that partially, receivables turnover hadn’t a significant effect toward  the financial distress. Partially, solvency ratio (Debt to Asset) had a significant influence toward financial distress Simultaneously, receivable turnover and solvency ratio had a significant effect toward financial distress. Kata kunci:Waste Bank, Waste Bank Management, Waste Bank Basic Concepts, Economic Improvement of the Family

Sufi Springs: Air on an Oud String

CounterText ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Rooney
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
Egyptian Revolution ◽  
Mimetic Desire ◽  
Arab Uprisings ◽  
The Will ◽  
Arts Activism

The initial part of Caroline Rooney's essay offers an incisive account of the author's experience of Cairo in the years leading up to the 2011 uprisings that led to the end of Hosni Mubarak's rule. Rooney's narrative evinces an active Downtown cosmopolitan spirit characterised by a burgeoning sense of ‘audacity’ in forms of arts activism, and its attendant collective spirit of perseverance that increasingly rendered ineffective the repressive manoeuvres of Egypt's disciplinary State. Criticising the impulse to construe the Egyptian revolution in terms of a mimetic desire for a secular democracy on Western lines, Rooney insists that the Arab uprisings consisted, in many respects, of a revolution against Western-style free market neoliberalism. Countering the perpetual cynicism attendant to the latter, Rooney argues, requires a form of politicisation that maintains ‘the ongoing presence of the real as a matter of collective spirit’ – one that can outlast the colonial interlude by resisting the absolutist self-assertion of market fundamentalism and its collusions with ‘diplo-economic cosmopolitanism’ as a mode of class-discriminatory privilege, as well as the compromising nature of right-wing Islam. Rooney moves on to locate a counter-movement based on an alternative form of consciousness that manifests itself ‘as solidarity, as resoluteness, as genuine comradeship, as collective consciousness, as revolutionary faith and [as] festiveness.’ In the last part of her essay, Rooney raises the intriguing case of Sufism, and specifically its mulid rituals and its important role in the Egyptian revolutionary effort, as a relational cultural mode that can survive the will-to-dominance as a persistent and liberatory collective gesture.

The Legacy of Iraq

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
The World ◽  
Free Market Capitalism ◽  
Market Capitalism

This book critically reflects on the failure of the 2003 intervention to turn Iraq into a liberal democracy, underpinned by free-market capitalism, its citizens free to live in peace and prosperity. The book argues that mistakes made by the coalition and the Iraqi political elite set a sequence of events in motion that have had devastating consequences for Iraq, the Middle East and for the rest of the world. Today, as the nation faces perhaps its greatest challenge in the wake of the devastating advance of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and another US-led coalition undertakes renewed military action in Iraq, understanding the complex and difficult legacies of the 2003 war could not be more urgent. Ignoring the legacies of the Iraq War and denying their connection to contemporary events could mean that vital lessons are ignored and the same mistakes made again.

Well-being and inequality in comparative perspective: the case of Poland and Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 32-55
Author(s):  
Natalia Kovalisko ◽  
Serhii Makeev
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Cheap Labour ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Public Opinion Polls ◽  
Opinion Polls

Socio-economic trajectories of Poland and Ukraine have been considerably diverging since the last decade of the 20th century. The former has been advancing and catching up with Western European countries in terms of the quality of life — whereas in Ukraine, the 1990s recession gave way to unsustainable economic growth, which interrupted in the second half of the 2000s and in the 2010s. The comparison of official statistics, along with the data of household surveys and public opinion polls, makes it possible to conclude that a progressive and sustainable transition from a command economy to free market, as exemplified by Poland, is accompanied by moderate deepening of economic inequality. However, an abnormal transition (deviating from the “Polish rule”) entails excessive concentration of wealth and gives rise to corruption as a mechanism of income redistribution among different categories of population. This also results in a more noticeable stratification of opportunies for meeting vital and existential needs. Owing to a large proportion of shadow economy and undeclared work, Ukrainians remain a source of cheap labour in both the domestic and international labour markets; in addition, a persistent subculture of tax evasion is being formed in this country.

The 1970s

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Borstelmann
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Retirement Plans ◽  
Free Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
American Society

This book looks at an iconic decade when the cultural left and economic right came to the fore in American society and the world at large. While many have seen the 1970s as simply a period of failures epitomized by Watergate, inflation, the oil crisis, global unrest, and disillusionment with military efforts in Vietnam, this book creates a new framework for understanding the period and its legacy. It demonstrates how the 1970s increased social inclusiveness and, at the same time, encouraged commitments to the free market and wariness of government. As a result, American culture and much of the rest of the world became more—and less—equal. This book explores how the 1970s forged the contours of contemporary America. Military, political, and economic crises undercut citizens' confidence in government. Free market enthusiasm led to lower taxes, a volunteer army, individual 401(k) retirement plans, free agency in sports, deregulated airlines, and expansions in gambling and pornography. At the same time, the movement for civil rights grew, promoting changes for women, gays, immigrants, and the disabled. And developments were not limited to the United States. Many countries gave up colonial and racial hierarchies to develop a new formal commitment to human rights, while economic deregulation spread to other parts of the world, from Chile and the United Kingdom to China. Placing a tempestuous political culture within a global perspective, this book shows that the decade wrought irrevocable transformations upon American society and the broader world that continue to resonate today.

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