Proactive Monitoring of Progress

2011 ◽  
pp. 395-408
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Monitoring

Chasing Informality: Evidence from Increasing Enforcement in Large Firms in Peru

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Bosch ◽  
Stephanie González ◽  
María Teresa Silva Porto
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Labor Control ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
One Year ◽  
Labor Market Regulations ◽  
Proactive Monitoring

Evasion of labor market regulations in middle income countries is systemic. This is generally known as informality. In Latin America, where less than 50% of workers are registered with social security, this is a permanent phenomenon and encompasses a variety of economic realities ranging from subsistence self-employment to evasion of certain regulations including social security contributions. In this study we analyze the role of enforcement in curbing informality in large formal firms in Peru, where informality levels are around 70%. Through the Peruvian National Labor Control Superintendence (SUNAFIL) we randomly sent 697 letters to formal Peruvian firms of more than 50 workers, indicating their obligation to enroll workers in social insurance systems (health and pensions). Two types of letters were sent, one with a deterrence message and one emphasizing the benefits of formalization. One year after the letters were sent, we found a positive and statistically significant effect on the number of workers enrolled in social security (9.8% on average). Only strict deterrence messages had a significant impact, and only in very large firms. This evidence suggests that there is room for improvement in compliance with labor regulations through more proactive monitoring and behavioral tools such as reminders, but effects could be concentrated in the largest firms.

Monitoring and Filtering: European Reform or Global Trend?

2020 ◽  
pp. 543-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Frosio ◽  
Sunimal Mendis
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Industry Practice ◽  
Eu Copyright Law ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Intermediary Liability ◽  
Fundamental Rights And Freedoms ◽  
Proactive Monitoring

This chapter analyses the evolution of a trend towards the imposition of proactive monitoring obligations on intermediaries along the entire spectrum of intermediary liability subject matters and focuses on the recent EU copyright law reform. Article 17 of the newly enacted EU Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market has come under fire for the heightened level of liability it imposes on online services providers (OSPs) for copyright-infringing content stored or transmitted by them. Based on an analysis of case law from multiple jurisdictions and an overview of industry practice, this chapter seeks to locate the new European reform within a much wider global trend that aims to impose proactive monitoring and filtering obligations on OSPs. It argues that the impetus for the introduction of Article 17 is rooted in the ‘internet threat’ discourse and reflects a gradual shift in the perception of OSPs from being ‘mere conduits’ to ‘active gate-keepers’ of content uploaded and shared by users. Following an evaluation of the extent to which Article 17 diverges from the existing intermediary liability framework in the EU, the chapter concludes by analysing its potential impact on users’ fundamental rights and freedoms, particularly in the light of its propensity to motivate wider use of automated filtering systems and algorithmic enforcement mechanisms.

Crizotinib-induced cardiotoxicity: the importance of a proactive monitoring and management

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 2043-2048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Tartarone ◽  
Giuseppina Gallucci ◽  
Chiara Lazzari ◽  
Rosa Lerose ◽  
Lucia Lombardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Monitoring
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