Why Are Regulatory Requirements a Major Impediment to Genetic Engineering of Horticultural Crops?

2011 ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Major Impediment

scholarly journals ACandida albicansCRISPR system permits genetic engineering of essential genes and gene families

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. e1500248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valmik K. Vyas ◽  
M. Inmaculada Barrasa ◽  
Gerald R. Fink
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
Pathogenic Yeast ◽  
Crispr System ◽  
Gene Knockouts ◽  
Major Impediment

Candida albicansis a pathogenic yeast that causes mucosal and systematic infections with high mortality. The absence of facile molecular genetics has been a major impediment to analysis of pathogenesis. The lack of meiosis coupled with the absence of plasmids makes genetic engineering cumbersome, especially for essential functions and gene families. We describe aC. albicansCRISPR system that overcomes many of the obstacles to genetic engineering in this organism. The high frequency with which CRISPR-induced mutations can be directed to target genes enables easy isolation of homozygous gene knockouts, even without selection. Moreover, the system permits the creation of strains with mutations in multiple genes, gene families, and genes that encode essential functions. This CRISPR system is also effective in a fresh clinical isolate of undetermined ploidy. Our method transforms the ability to manipulate the genome ofCandidaand provides a new window into the biology of this pathogen.

scholarly journals 632 Introduction to the Colloquium Genetic Stability of Transgenes under Field Conditions

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 556D-556
Author(s):  
Jude W. Grosser
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genetic Stability ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Available Information

The genetic engineering of horticultural crops to improve disease/insect resistance, cultivar quality, or other characteristics has become a primary area of focus for many research programs. The technique is attractive because a single beneficial trait can be added to an already successful cultivar without otherwise altering cultivar integrity. However, little information has been available regarding the performance of such transgenic plants in the field, particularly regarding woody perennial crops. The purpose of this colloquium is to provide the latest available information regarding the performance of transgenic plants in the field, covering a wide range of crops including vegetables, woody fruit trees, woody nut trees, and forest trees. Focus will be on the long-term expression of transgenes and promoter efficiency. The information provided should be particularly useful to researchers who are currently designing or performing experiments to improve horticultural crops by genetic engineering.

Genetic Engineering of Horticultural Crops

2018 ◽  
pp. 23-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajarshi K. Gaur ◽  
Rakesh K. Verma ◽  
Satyendra M.P. Khurana
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Horticultural Crops

Letter to the Editor: The Continuing Challenge of Evaluating RSD Impairment and Disability

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
Robert L. Knobler ◽  
Charles N. Brooks ◽  
Leon H. Ensalada ◽  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Disability Evaluation ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Major Cardiac Event ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Impairment Score ◽  
Occupational Activities ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The author of the two-part article about evaluating reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) responds to criticisms that a percentage impairment score may not adequately reflect the disability of an individual with RSD. The author highlights the importance of recognizing the difference between impairment and disability in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides): impairment is the loss, loss of use, or derangement of any body part, system, or function; disability is a decrease in or the loss or absence of the capacity to meet personal, social, or occupational demands or to meet statutory or regulatory requirements because of an impairment. The disparity between impairment and disability can be encountered in diverse clinical scenarios. For example, a person's ability to resume occupational activities following a major cardiac event depends on medical, social, and psychological factors, but nonmedical factors appear to present the greatest impediment and many persons do not resume work despite significant improvements in functional capacity. A key requirement according to the AMA Guides is objective documentation, and the author agrees that when physicians consider the disability evaluation of people, more issues than those relating to the percentage loss of function should be considered. More study of the relationships among impairment, disability, and quality of life in patients with RSD are required.

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