4 Actions due to natural catastrophes, except volcanic eruptions

2010 ◽  
pp. 59-78
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Natural Catastrophes

scholarly journals Design of parametric risk transfer solutions for volcanic eruptions: an application to Japanese volcanoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-113
Author(s):  
Delioma Oramas-Dorta ◽  
Giulio Tirabassi ◽  
Guillermo Franco ◽  
Christina Magill
Keyword(s):  
Financial Risk ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Transfer Mechanism ◽  
Column Height ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Risk Transfer ◽  
Natural Catastrophes ◽  
Ash Fall ◽  
Eruptive Column

Abstract. Volcanic eruptions are rare but potentially catastrophic phenomena, affecting societies and economies through different pathways. The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland, a medium-sized ash-fall-producing eruption, caused losses in the range of billions of dollars, mainly to the aviation and tourism industries. Financial risk transfer mechanisms such as insurance are used by individuals, companies, governments, etc., to protect themselves from losses associated with natural catastrophes. In this work, we conceptualize and design a parametric risk transfer mechanism to offset losses to building structures arising from large, ash-fall-producing volcanic eruptions. Such a transfer mechanism relies on the objective measurement of physical characteristics of volcanic eruptions that are correlated with the size of resulting losses (in this case, height of the eruptive column and predominant direction of ash dispersal) in order to pre-determine payments to the risk cedent concerned. We apply this risk transfer mechanism to the case of Mount Fuji in Japan by considering a potential risk cedent such as a regional government interested in offsetting losses to dwellings in the heavily populated prefectures of Tokyo and Kanagawa. The simplicity in determining eruptive column height and ash fall dispersal direction makes this design suitable for extrapolation to other volcanic settings worldwide where significant ash-fall-producing eruptions may occur, provided these parameters are reported by an official, reputable agency and a suitable loss model is available for the volcanoes of interest.

Environmental history

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Richard T. Corlett
Keyword(s):  
Environmental History ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Homo Erectus ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Natural Catastrophes ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spread Of Agriculture

This chapter covers the environmental history of Tropical East Asia, starting with its assembly from Gondwanan fragments during the Mesozoic. Changes in sea level, climate, and vegetation are covered in increasing detail from the Eocene to the present day, and the influence of volcanic eruptions and other natural catastrophes is discussed. The history of human occupation is outlined, from the appearance of Homo erectus more than a million years ago, through the arrival of modern humans in the region 80,000–50,000 years ago, to the spread of agriculture and the development of urban settlements. Human impacts on natural ecosystems are considered throughout the period of occupation, culminating in the concept of the human-dominated Anthropocene.

scholarly journals Observations on the connection between glacial phases, natural catastrophes and economic trends of the last millennium in Italy

The Holocene ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1322-1334
Author(s):  
Pier Luigi Bragato ◽  
Hanspeter Holzhauser
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Current Phase ◽  
Last Millennium ◽  
Natural Catastrophes ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
History Of ◽  
Glacial Expansion ◽  
Critical Phases ◽  
General Connection

Humanity has often faced critical phases determined by climate changes combined with other natural catastrophes that implied significant socio-economic consequences. In this article, we present an observational study on the possible systematic connection between these factors for the specific case of Italy, comparing the occurrence of pandemics, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions with the glacial history of the last millennium. We have found that the natural catastrophes concentrate in the periods of ice expansion in Europe, whereas the phenomena are in attenuation in the current phase of global warming. Such a behavior has influenced the economy of the country: in fact, a comparison with a reconstruction of the per capita Gross Domestic Product since 1310 shows that the periods of maximum economic expansion occurred during the deglaciation phases. This study has confirmed the general connection of the climate with a number of Earth processes and the difficulty to foresee its changes. Furthermore, the extension of the analysis at the world level for the last 2500 years has evidenced that different types of pandemics (plague, cholera and influenza) almost exclusively spread during the phases of glacial expansion.

scholarly journals Design of parametric risk transfer solutions for volcanic eruptions: an application to Japanese volcanoes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delioma Oramas-Dorta ◽  
Giulio Tirabassi ◽  
Guillermo E. Franco ◽  
Christina Magill
Keyword(s):  
Financial Risk ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Transfer Mechanism ◽  
Column Height ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Risk Transfer ◽  
Natural Catastrophes ◽  
Ash Fall ◽  
Eruptive Column

Abstract. Volcanic eruptions are rare but potentially catastrophic phenomena, affecting societies and economies through different pathways. The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland, a medium-sized ash fall producing eruption, caused losses in the range of billions of dollars, mainly to the aviation and tourist industries. Financial risk transfer mechanisms such as insurance are used by individuals, companies, Governments, etc. to protect themselves from losses associated to natural catastrophes. In this work, we conceptualize and design a parametric risk transfer mechanism to offset losses to building structures arising from large, ash fall-producing volcanic eruptions. Such transfer mechanism relies on the objective measurement of physical characteristics of volcanic eruptions that are correlated with the size of resulting losses (in this case, height of the eruptive column and predominant direction of ash dispersal), in order to pre-determine payments to the risk cedant concerned. We apply this risk transfer mechanism to the case of Mount Fuji in Japan, by considering a potential risk cedant such as a regional Government interested in offsetting losses to dwellings in the heavily populated Prefectures of Tokyo and Kanagawa. The simplicity in determining eruptive column height and ash fall dispersal direction makes this design suitable for extrapolation to other volcanic settings world-wide where significant ash fall producing eruptions may occur, provided these parameters are reported by an official, reputable agency, and a suitable loss model is available for the volcanoes of interest.

scholarly journals The Lebanese Imbroglio

1970 ◽  
pp. 13-14
Author(s):  
Rose Ghurayyib
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Natural Catastrophes

In the introduction of a book he wrote about the Lebanese war, the well-known journalist, Joseph AbuKhalil, says: "Some countries are called ill-fated because their misfortunes come from natural catastrophes such as floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tornadoes, etc

Reconstruction of maximum temperature on Zhegu Mountain, western Sichuan Plateau (China)

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
M Keyimu ◽  
Z Li ◽  
Y Zhao ◽  
Y Dong ◽  
B Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Western Sichuan ◽  
Relationship Analysis ◽  
Decadal Scale ◽  
Thermal Variability

Historical temperature reconstructions at high altitudes are still insufficient in southwestern China, which is considered one of the most sensitive areas to climate change in the world. Here we developed a tree ring-width chronology of Faxon fir Abies fargesii var. faxoniana at the upper timber line on Zhegu Mountain, Miyaluo Scenic Area, western Sichuan, China. The climate-tree growth relationship analysis indicated temperature as the dominant regulator on radial tree growth in this region. The reconstruction of aggregated maximum temperature (TMX) of autumn and winter for the period 1856-2016 was achieved with a linear regression model that accounted for 43.6% of the actual variability in the common time series (1954-2016). The reconstruction identified 4 warm periods and 3 cold periods. Similarities of warm and cold periods with previously published reconstructions from nearby sites indicated the reliability of our reconstruction. The significant positive correlation between TMX reconstruction and the Asian-Pacific Oscillation index and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation index suggested a linkage between large-scale climate circulations and the thermal variability at a multi-decadal scale on the western Sichuan Plateau. We also found that solar activity exerted a strong influence on decadal temperature variability in this region. The cold periods were matched well with historical large volcanic eruptions. Our results strengthen the historical climatic information in southwestern China and contribute to further understanding the regional thermal variability as well as its driving mechanism.

Examining perceptions of stress, wellbeing and fear among Hungarian adolescents and their parents under lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabor Csikos ◽  
Krisztina Dr Törő ◽  
Judit Mokos ◽  
Sandor Rozsa ◽  
Hadházi Éva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Parental Stress ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Natural Catastrophes ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Wellbeing Index ◽  
The Family ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Open Question

Intensified anxiety responses and even symptoms of post-traumatic stress are commonly observed under quarantine conditions. In this study, the effects on fear, anxiety and wellbeing of the recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 were investigated in a sample of otherwise healthy Hungarians. Taking the family as a microsystem, differences in gender, age, family relationships and time spent in isolation were the main focus of this investigation. 346 parent-child dyads were examined; the children were 11-17 years of age. Standard psychological questionnaires (Perceived Stress Scale, WHO Wellbeing Index), and an open question test (the Metamorphosis test) were used, and the results analysed with the aid of basic statistical methods. Stress levels and wellbeing displayed a significant negative correlation with each other in both parents and children. Parental stress and levels of wellbeing had a weak but significant impact on the wellbeing of their children. Among the demographic variables examined, none of them was found to explain the wellbeing or stress level of parents. Natural catastrophes, such as pandemics, create a stressful social environment for parents, and therefore directly impact the psychological wellbeing of all family members.

Sensitivity of a coupled climate-carbon cycle model to large volcanic eruptions during the last millennium

Tellus B ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Brovkin ◽  
Stephan J. Lorenz ◽  
Johann Jungclaus ◽  
Thomas Raddatz ◽  
Claudia Timmreck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Last Millennium ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Carbon Cycle Model ◽  
Large Volcanic Eruptions
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document