Water supply and wastewater management in the humid tropics

2010 ◽  
pp. 47-70
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Humid Tropics ◽  
Wastewater Management

scholarly journals Wastewater reuse: potential for expanding Iran's water supply to survive from absolute scarcity in future

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Charkhestani ◽  
Moslem Salehi Ziri ◽  
Hasan Amini Rad
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
Structured Planning ◽  
Oriented Approach

Iran, like many parts of the world, suffers from water scarcity and is located in one of the most arid regions. This is not only due to the low rates of precipitation received, but also due to the increase in demand on water resources for municipal, agricultural, and industrial uses. Wastewater reuse has proven to be effective and successful in creating a new and reliable water supply. Also, it can meet environmental needs, sustainable development, and a viable economy. There are two strategies for reuse implementation: (1) a future oriented approach allows structured planning within a broader wastewater management master plan and gives the greatest flexibility for reuse; (2) the available effluent quality from existing treatment plants defines the possible reuse option. According to the present situation in Iran, the second strategy is more reliable in preserving the country from absolute scarcity in future. Thus, the objective of this article is to understand the hidden comprehensive potential of reuse in three major categories: agricultural, industrial, and municipal uses, according to the improvement in the Falkenmark indicator.

A brief history of water supply and wastewater management in ancient Greece

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Angelakis ◽  
D. S. Spyridakis
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Urban Water Management ◽  
History Of ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
Greek Civilization

The evolution of urban water management in ancient Greece begins in Crete during the Middle Bronze and the beginning of the Late Bronze Ages (ca. 2000–1500 B.C.) when many remarkable developments occurred in several stages as Minoan civilization flourished on the island. One of its salient characteristics was the architectural and hydraulic function of its water supply and sewerage systems in the Minoan Palaces and several other settlements. These technologies, though they do not give a complete picture of water supply and wastewater and storm water technologies in ancient Greece, indicate nevertheless that such technologies have been used in Greece since prehistoric times. Minoan water and wastewater technologies were diffused to the Greek mainland in the subsequent phases of Greek civilization, i.e. in the Mycenaean, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods. The scope of this article is the presentation of the most characteristic forms of ancient hydraulic works and related technologies and their uses in past Greek civilizations.

Microbiological requirements for safe drinking water production at a large river impacted by human wastewater: a scenario analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Demeter ◽  
Julia Derx ◽  
Jürgen Komma ◽  
Juraj Parajka ◽  
Jack Schijven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Large River ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Safe Drinking Water

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Rivers are important sources for drinking water supply, however, they are often impacted by wastewater discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and combined sewer overflows (CSO). Reduction of the faecal pollution burden is possible through enhanced wastewater treatment or prevention of CSOs. Few methodological efforts have been made so far to investigate how these measures would affect the long-term treatment requirements for microbiologically safe drinking water supply under future changes.</p><p><strong>Objectives</strong>: This study aimed to apply a new integrative approach to decipher the interplay between the effects of future changes and wastewater management measures on the required treatment of river water to produce safe drinking water. We investigated scenarios of climate change and population growth, in combination with different wastewater management scenarios (i.e., no upgrades and upgrades at WWTPs, CSOs, and both). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate this interplay. We focussed on the viral index pathogens norovirus and enterovirus and made a cross-comparison with a bacterial and a protozoan reference pathogen (Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium).</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: We significantly extended QMRAcatch (v1.0 Python), a probabilistic-deterministic model that combines virus fate and transport modelling in the river with quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). To investigate the impact of climatic changes, we used a conceptual semi-distributed hydrological model and regional climate model outputs to simulate river discharges for the period 2035 – 2049. We assumed that population growth leads to a corresponding increase in WWTP discharges. QMRAcatch was successfully calibrated and validated based on a four-year dataset of a human-associated genetic MST marker and enterovirus. The study site was the Danube in Vienna, Austria.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: In the reference scenario, approx. 98% of the enterovirus and norovirus loads at the study site (median: 10<sup>10</sup> and 10<sup>13</sup> N/d) originated from WWTP effluent, while the remainder was via CSO events. The required log reduction value (LRV) to produce safe drinking water was 6.3 and 8.4 log<sub>10</sub> for enterovirus and norovirus. Future changes in population size, river flows and CSO events did not affect these treatment requirements, and neither did the prevention of CSOs. In contrast, in the scenario of enhanced wastewater treatment, which showed lower LRVs by 2.0 and 1.3 log<sub>10</sub>, climate-change-driven increases in CSO events had a considerable impact on the treatment requirements, as they affected the main pollution source. Preventing CSOs and installing enhanced treatment at the WWTPs together had the most significant positive effect with a reduction of LRVs by 3.9 and 3.8 log<sub>10</sub> compared to the reference scenario.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The integrative modelling approach was successfully realised. The simultaneous consideration of source apportionment and concentrations of the reference pathogens were found crucial to understand the interplay among the effects of climate change, population growth and pollution control measures. The approach was demonstrated for a study site representing a large river impacted by WWTP and CSO discharges, but is applicable at other sites to support long term water safety planning.</p>

scholarly journals Climate change adaptation: a pragmatic approach for assessing vulnerability

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-177
Author(s):  
M. Carvalho ◽  
B. Martins ◽  
J. P. Coelho ◽  
N. Brôco ◽  
A. K. Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Events Data ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Abstract The impacts of climate change on society are becoming increasingly evident. The water sector is sensitive to variations in climatic patterns as it is expected that major changes in flows will occur, along with increased risks of water quality degradation and flooding. According to published climate scenarios the Mediterranean area will become dryer. As a leading group operating in the water sector in Portugal, AdP decided to develop a strategic plan for climate change adaptation with the aim of establishing a strategy for reducing business vulnerability and increasing systems resilience. In developing the plan, a pragmatic method was adopted for characterizing current vulnerabilities. This was founded on the bottom-up approach and supported with past events data, including evaluating their impacts, and the adaptive capacity of systems and utilities to climate extremes. In water supply, the effects of more severe and frequent extreme events are being felt with respect to water quality and availability, representing as much as 80% of the events studied, whereas, in terms of sanitation, floods account for about 90% of events identified. Globally, 78% and 21% of the measures adopted in water supply and wastewater management, respectively, were effective.

scholarly journals System Dynamic Model for Sustainable Water Supply Strategy in Sentul City Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240
Author(s):  
Danang Aria Pranedya Baskoro ◽  
Atep Hermawan ◽  
Tri Permadi
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
High Population ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
The Impact

Good management of water resources is a requirement for an area that has a high population development. Sentul City, which is an independent city in Bogor Regency which has a high population, is in an area that lacks water, because of this Sentul City requires infrastructure and policies that are able to ensure the availability of water for its residents. One of the paradigms of water management in urban areas is a water sensitive city. One of the steps in this paradigm is wastewater management and rainwater harvesting. The dynamic system modelling method is used to predict the impact of implementing several policies that will be taken to manage water resources. The objectives of this study are to build dynamic models to predict water supply and demand and to analyze policies for wastewater management and rainwater harvesting. Sentul City water demand is estimated will reach 122 105 000 m3 and a water crisis will occur in 2027. The wastewater recycle policy can inhibit the water crisis until 2030 and the negative water balance will last until 2040. Combining wastewater recycle and rainwater harvesting can increase water availability by 240% and prevent a water crisis.

scholarly journals The Factors that Influence the Development of Slums in Tallo, Makassar

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1917-1921
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Urban Village ◽  
Multi Stage

Tallo Urban Village which is one of the villages in Tallo District with a high population density, Tallo Urban Village has conditions that are categorized as slums on water based on Makassar Mayor Decree No.050.05 / 1341 / KEP / IX / 2014. There are 6 Subdistricts in Makassar City that are designated as slums especially Tallo Urban Village so that the problem in this study can be formulated regarding various factors that led to the development of slums in Tallo Urban District of Makassar. The purpose of this study is to identify the cause of the development of slums in Tallo Urban Village, Makassar City. In this study, the slums are characterized by physical areas (building management, water supply, wastewater management, drainage facilities, and environmental roads), non-physical areas (ownership of land rights, population density). The research variables we use in this study are Slums; Population density; Width of the Road Environment; Drainage Conditions; Waste Water Management; Clean water supply; Building Layout; and Building Status. In this study, the data collection techniques used were Multi-Stage Sampling, namely: area sampling technique; proportional sampling technique; and simple random sampling. The analytical approach used in this research is to use a quantitative approach, using the Chi-Square method. The results of this study found that the cause of the development of slums in the Tallo District of Makassar City was population growth that continued to increase each year. This shows that the allotment of land functions in Tallo Kelurahan, besides functioning as a settlement function, many also function as warehousing, so that Tallo Kelurahan is classified as moderate density, with population growth increasing every year

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