Designing preclinical perceptibility measures to evaluate topical vaginal gel formulations relating user sensory perceptions and experiences to formulation properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lungwani Muungo
Keyword(s):  
User Experience ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Biomedical Prevention ◽  
Product Effectiveness ◽  
Willingness To Use ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gel Formulations

The effectiveness of any biomedical prevention technology relies on both biological efficacy and behavioraladherence. Microbicide trials have been hampered by low adherence, limiting the ability to draw meaningfulconclusions about product effectiveness. Central to this problem may be an inadequate conceptualization of howproduct properties themselves impact user experience and adherence. Our goal is to expand the current microbicidedevelopment framework to include product ‘‘perceptibility,’’ the objective measurement of user sensoryperceptions (i.e., sensations) and experiences of formulation performance during use. For vaginal gels, a setof biophysical properties, including rheological properties and measures of spreading and retention, may criticallyimpact user experiences. Project LINK sought to characterize the user experience in this regard, and tovalidate measures of user sensory perceptions and experiences (USPEs) using four prototype topical vaginal gelformulations designed for pericoital use. Perceptibility scales captured a range of USPEs during the productapplication process (five scales), ambulation after product insertion (six scales), and during sexual activity (eightscales). Comparative statistical analyses provided empirical support for hypothesized relationships between gelproperties, spreading performance, and the user experience. Project LINK provides preliminary evidence for theutility of evaluating USPEs, introducing a paradigm shift in the field of microbicide formulation design. Wepropose that these user sensory perceptions and experiences initiate cognitive processes in users resulting inproduct choice and willingness-to-use. By understanding the impact of USPEs on that process, formulationdevelopment can optimize both drug delivery and adherence.

Biomimicry: An Overview of Structures, Designs and Materials Inspired from Nature

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Arunachalam Vasanthanathan ◽  
Uthirakumar Siddharth ◽  
Manivannan Vignesh ◽  
Radhakrishnan Pravin
Keyword(s):  
Life Forms ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Technological Growth ◽  
Evolution Of Life ◽  
Large Scope ◽  
Product Effectiveness ◽  
Water Turbines ◽  
Principle Objective

Background: Nature has always played a vital role in the evolution of life forms. The design of products in accordance with nature’s design, popularly known as biomimicry, had played a vital role in pushing the technology and product effectiveness to the next level. Humans have long sought to mimic not just the design, but also the methodology adopted by certain animals. For example, the walking technique of vertebrates has been effectively mimicked for a quadruped robot to make a system more efficient by consuming less power. Thus indirectly, nature acts as a driving factor in pushing technological growth. Methods: The principle objective of this paper is to provide an overview of popular bio mimicked products inspired by nature. This paper emphasizes a wide variety of products developed in the field of materials inspired by nature. Results: Wall-climbing robots, Sonar, X-ray imaging, Sandwich and Honeycomb structures are some of the popular products and designs inspired by nature. They have resulted in better designs, better products with improved efficiency and thus have proven to be better alternatives. Some products and designs such as Samara drone, Riblet surfaces, DSSCs, Biomimetic Drills and Water turbines have plenty of scopes to replace conventional products and designs. Conclusion: While plenty of products, structures and designs have successfully replaced older alternatives, there is still a large scope for biomimicry where it could potentially replace conventional products and designs to offer better efficiency.

scholarly journals Development of Multimedia Based Sport Injury Pencak Silat Management Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S9) ◽  
pp. 191-194
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Sport Injury ◽  
Management Model ◽  
Product Effectiveness ◽  
Injury Models ◽  
Type Of Injury

Pencak silat is one of the sports that become the mainstay of the Indonesian nation in every national and international tournament. In its practice, however, foot accidents often occur. The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical data on product effectiveness as a result of developing multimedia-based martial arts injury models to increase the knowledge of trainers and athletes in handling injuries. The research method used is quantitative. As the results, each coach and athlete can understand the handling of injuries that occur so that athletes who experience injuries do not experience mismanagement which can result in recurring injuries or decreased the performance of athletes. It can be concluded that athletes or coaches can collaborate with physiotherapists in determining the exercises that are appropriate to the strand and type of injury.

scholarly journals The Development of Arabic Learning Evaluation based on Kahoot Application in Covid Outbreak l Tatwir Taqwim Ta'lim al-Lughah al-'Arabiyyah 'ala Asas Tatbiq Kahoot Khilala Jaikhah Covid

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-185
Author(s):  
Meli Yani Yani ◽  
Koderi Koderi ◽  
Zulhanan Zulhanan ◽  
Munir Tubagus ◽  
Muhammad Sholeh Fauzan
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Objective Test ◽  
Test Evaluation ◽  
Effectiveness Trial ◽  
Evaluation Instrument ◽  
Learning Evaluation ◽  
Trial Test ◽  
Product Effectiveness

This research based on the problems about learning evaluation in which was less attractive because it had not used evaluation instruments based on technology, especially the learning process during the Covid 19 outbreak. The purpose of this study was to develop an evaluation of Arabic learning for SMK in the form of an objective test based on Kahoot application during the Covid-19 outbreak. This research data were obtained from the interviews and students' responses to the evaluation. The interviews were conducted with groups of students as participants in the study, meanwhile, students' responses were confirmed to 32 students. The findings of this study indicated that the Arabic language objective test evaluation instrument by using the kahoot application was very feasible.  94% according to design experts, 96% according to material experts, 96% according to media experts. The results of the product effectiveness trial of the objective test evaluation instrument based on the kahoot application were 86% for one to one learner, 90% for the small group test, 88% for the field trial test. The development of an Arabic evaluation in the form of an objective test based on the Kahoot application during the Covid-19 outbreak had a significant effect on the evaluation of Arabic and could make students more active, independent and feel comfortable in the evaluation process. In line with that, this paper suggested the need for teacher and institutional involvement in solving the problem of community limitations in online learning evaluation.

scholarly journals A 90-Day Tenofovir Reservoir Intravaginal Ring for Mucosal HIV Prophylaxis

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 6272-6283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd J. Johnson ◽  
Meredith R. Clark ◽  
Theodore H. Albright ◽  
Joel S. Nebeker ◽  
Anthony L. Tuitupou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Percent ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vaginal Fluid ◽  
Mechanical Stiffness ◽  
Vaginal Tissue ◽  
Glycerol Water ◽  
Intravaginal Ring ◽  
Product Effectiveness

ABSTRACTA vaginal gel containing the antiretroviral tenofovir (TFV) recently demonstrated 39% protection against HIV infection in women. We designed and evaluated a novel reservoir TFV intravaginal ring (IVR) to potentially improve product effectiveness by providing a more controlled and sustained vaginal dose to maintain cervicovaginal concentrations. Polyurethane tubing of various hydrophilicities was filled with a high-density TFV/glycerol/water semisolid paste and then end-sealed to create IVRs.In vitro, TFV release increased with polyurethane hydrophilicity, with 35 weight percent water-swelling polyurethane IVRs achieving an approximately 10-mg/day release for 90 days with mechanical stiffness similar to that of the commercially available NuvaRing. This design was evaluated in two 90-dayin vivosheep studies for TFV pharmacokinetics and safety. Overall, TFV vaginal tissue, vaginal fluid, and plasma levels were relatively time independent over the 90-day duration at approximately 104ng/g, 106ng/g, and 101ng/ml, respectively, near or exceeding the highest observed concentrations in a TFV 1% gel control group. TFV vaginal fluid concentrations were approximately 1,000-fold greater than levels shown to provide significant protection in women using the TFV 1% gel. There were no toxicological findings following placebo and TFV IVR treatment for 28 or 90 days, although slight to moderate increases in inflammatory infiltrates in the vaginal epithelia were observed in these animals compared to naïve animals. In summary, the controlled release of TFV from this reservoir IVR provided elevated sheep vaginal concentrations for 90 days to merit its further evaluation as an HIV prophylactic.

scholarly journals Effect of adding fungicide to mixtures of triazoles and strobilurins in the control of downy mildew and Asian soybean rust

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Zuntini ◽  
Rita de Cassia Félix Alvarez ◽  
Gustavo de Faria Theodoro ◽  
Alan Mario Zuffo
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Asian Soybean Rust ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Product Effectiveness ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Number Of Seeds

ABSTRACT Fungicides used to control the Asian soybean rust are composed almost entirely of mixtures involving the systemic (triazoles) and meso-systemic (strobilurins) modes of action. However, to control the soybean downy mildew, only protective fungicides are available. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides with different modes of action in the control of downy mildew and Asian soybean rust. A field experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with seven treatments [negative control; difenoconazole at V7 + (azoxystrobin + cyproconazole) at R2 and R5.1; (tebuconazole + carbendazim) at V7 + (azoxystrobin + tebuconazole) at R2 and R5.1; carbendazim and mancozeb at V7 + (azoxystrobin + tebuconazole) at R2 and R5.1; (tebuconazole + carbendazim) at V7 + mancozeb in V7 + (azoxystrobin + tebuconazole) at R2 and R5.1; (tebuconazole + carbendazim) at V7 + (azoxystrobin + tebuconazole) at R2 and R5.1 + mancozeb at R2 and R5.1; (tebuconazole + carbendazim) at V7 + azoxystrobin + tebuconazole at R2 and R5.1 + mancozeb at R2 and R5.1 + carbendazim at R5.1] and four replicates. The following variables were evaluated: disease severity based on diagrammatic scales, phytotoxicity, product effectiveness, defoliation, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1,000-seed weight and yield. The treatments with mancozeb addition showed to be more efficient in reducing the severity of mildew and Asian soybean rust and defoliation, providing increased seed yields for the crop. For the soybean downy mildew, the treatments with addition of mancozeb to benzimidazole, strobilurins and triazoles were more efficient in reducing the severity and for the control.

scholarly journals Quality of Systematic Reviews of the Foods with Function Claims in Japan: Comparative Before- and After-Evaluation of Verification Reports by the Consumer Affairs Agency

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamioka ◽  
Tsutani ◽  
Origasa ◽  
Yoshizaki ◽  
Kitayuguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Reporting Quality ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Scientific Quality ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Product Effectiveness

Background: In Japan, a new type of foods with health claims, called Foods with Function Claims (FFC), was introduced in April 2015 in order to make more products available that are clearly labeled with certain health functions. Regarding substantiating product effectiveness, scientific evidence for the proposed function claims must be explained by systematic reviews (SRs), but the quality of SRs was not clear. The objectives of this review were to assess the quality of SRs based on the FFC registered on the Consumer Affairs Agency (CAA) website in Japan, and to determine whether the CAA’s verification report in 2016 was associated with improvement in the quality of SRs. Methods: We evaluated the reporting quality of each SR by the AMSTAR checklist on methodological quality. We searched the database from 1 April to 31 October 2015 as the before-SR and from 1 July 2017 to 31 January 2018 as the after-SR. Results: Among the 104 SRs reviewed, 96 final products were included: 51 (53.1%) were supplements, 42 (43.8%) were processed foods without supplements, and 3 (3.1%) were fresh foods. Of the 104 SRs, 92 (88.5%) were qualitative reviews (i.e., without meta-analysis) and 12 (11.5%) performed a meta-analysis. The average quality score of before-SRs and after-SRs was 6.2 ± 1.8 and 5.0 ± 1.9, respectively, a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Overall, the methodology and reporting quality of after-SRs based on the FFC were poorer than those of before-SRs. In particular, there were very poor descriptions and/or implementations of study selection and data extraction, search strategy, evaluation methods for risk of bias, assessment of publication bias, and formulating conclusions based on methodological rigor and scientific quality of the included studies.

scholarly journals The Convergence of Planning and Execution: Improvisation in New Product Development

1998 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Moorman ◽  
Anne S. Miner
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
New Product ◽  
Organizational Memory ◽  
Environmental Turbulence ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Product Effectiveness ◽  
Positive Effect

The field of marketing strategy often makes the important assumption that marketing strategy should occur by first composing a plan on the basis of a careful review of environmental and firm information and then executing that plan. However, there are cases when the composition and execution of an action converge in time so that, in the limit, they occur simultaneously. The authors define such a convergence as improvisation and develop hypotheses to investigate the conditions in which improvisation is likely to occur and be effective. The authors test these hypotheses in a longitudinal study of new product development activities. Results show that organizational improvisation occurs moderately in organizations and that organizational memory level decreases and environmental turbulence level increases the incidence of improvisation. Results support traditional concerns that improvisation can reduce new product effectiveness but also indicate that environmental and organizational factors can reduce negative effects and sometimes create a positive effect for improvisation. These results suggest that, in some contexts, improvisation may be not only what organizations actually practice but also what they should practice to flourish.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Comparison of Discovery Tools: An Update

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. William Chickering ◽  
Sharon Q. Yang
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
North America ◽  
University Libraries ◽  
Check List ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Practical Complexity ◽  
Product Effectiveness ◽  
Library Websites ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Library User

<strong>Abstract:</strong> Selection and implementation of a web scale Discovery tool by The Rider University Libraries (RUL) in the 2011-2012 academic year revealed the practical complexity of the endeavor. Research into the state of adoption of Web-scale Discovery tools in North America and the evolution of product effectiveness provided a starting point. The study reported here evaluated a total of 14 major Discovery tools (3 open source and 10 proprietary). The evaluation involves a check list of 16 criteria recognized as the advanced features of a modern OPAC. Some of the features have been used in previous research on Discovery tools and the next generation catalog. The authors examined 5 to 7 library websites that deployed a Discovery tool before a determination is made as to the presence or absence of a feature for a particular Discovery tool. The purpose of the study is to evaluate and compare all the major Discovery tools. These findings will serve to update librarians on the latest development in the library user interface and assist them in their adoption of a Discovery tool.

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