Toxicological Effects of Adjuvants on Pesticide Formulations

2018 ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Pearl Weinberger ◽  
R. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Pesticide Formulations

scholarly journals Toxicity effect of expired pesticides to freshwater fish, Labeo rohita

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Satyavani ◽  
RA Gopi ◽  
S Ayyappan ◽  
P Balakrishnamurthy ◽  
P Neelakanta Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Labeo Rohita ◽  
Static Condition ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Toxicity Effect ◽  
Pesticide Formulations ◽  
Agriculture And Environment ◽  
Oecd Guideline

We selected 15 widely used pesticide formulations to investigate possible chemical, biological and toxicological effects of expired pesticides that may enter into our ecosystem. They comprised of organophosphate and pyrethroid based insecticides, azole based fungicides, acetamide, propionate, acetic acid based herbicides, and fungicides mixtures containing two actives of azole and dithiocarbamates. The selected compounds were tested for acute toxicity to fish, Labeo rohita using Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline no. 203 under static condition. Five to six concentrations (ranges from 0.005 – 80 mg/L) of both expired and unexpired pesticide formulations were tested along with controls under similar conditions at Department of Ecotoxicology, International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology. The results of the LC50 (Lethal Concentration)demonstrated significantly lower LC50 values for the expired pesticides as compared to the corresponding unexpired counter part. From this data, it is clear that expired pesticide formulations must be disposed carefully and, care should be taken to avoid their discharge to water bodies and thus prevent loss to fish. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:12, Jun.2011, Page 1-9 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v12i0.7557  

Estimation of geographical variation of cancer risks in drinking water in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
K. Ohno ◽  
E. Kadota ◽  
Y. Kondo ◽  
T. Kamei ◽  
Y. Magara
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Geometric Means ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Total Cancer ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Plausible Reason

The cancer risks posed by ten substances in raw and purified water were estimated for each municipality in Japan to compare risks between raw and purified water, and inter-municipality. Water concentrations were estimated by use of statistical data. Assigning cancer unit risks to each substance and applying the assumption of additive toxicological effects to multiple carcinogens, total cancer risks of the waters were estimated. As a result, the geometric means of total cancer risks in raw and purified water were 1.16×10−5 and 2.18×10−5, respectively. In raw water, the contribution ratio of arsenic to total cancer risk accounted for 97%. In purified water, that of four trihalomethanes (THMs) accounted for 54%. The increase of total cancer risks in purified water was due to THMs. In regard to the geographical variation, the relationship between population size and total cancer risks were investigated. The result was that there were higher cancer risks in the big cities with the population more than a million both in raw and purified water. One plausible reason for the higher risks in purified water in the big cities is a larger chlorination dose due to the huge water supply areas. The reason for the increase in raw water remained unclear.

Glycation and HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Implication in Diabetes and Associated Complications

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabia Nabi ◽  
Sahir Sultan Alvi ◽  
Mohd. Saeed ◽  
Saheem Ahmad ◽  
Mohammad Salman Khan
Keyword(s):  
Oxidized Ldl ◽  
Advanced Glycation Endproducts ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Ldl Receptor ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Hmg Coa Reductase ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Coa Reductase

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) acts as an absolute mediator of cardiovascular risk, prompting the prolonged occurrence, size and intricacy of atherosclerotic plaques via enhanced Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) formation. Moreover, hyperglycemia is associated with enhanced glyco-oxidized and oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) possessing greater atherogenicity and decreased the ability to regulate HMG-CoA reductase (HMG-R). Although aminoguanidine (AG) prevents the AGE-induced protein cross-linking due to its anti-glycation potential, it exerts several unusual pharmaco-toxicological effects thus restraining its desirable therapeutic effects. HMG-R inhibitors/statins exhibit a variety of beneficial impacts in addition to the cholesterol-lowering effects. Objective: Inhibition of AGEs interaction with receptor for AGEs (RAGE) and glyco-oxidized-LDL by HMG-R inhibitors could decrease LDL uptake by LDL-receptor (LDL-R), regulate cholesterol synthesis via HMG-R, decrease oxidative and inflammatory stress to improve the diabetes-associated complications. Conclusion: Current article appraises the pathological AGE-RAGE concerns in diabetes and its associated complications, mainly focusing on the phenomenon of both circulatory AGEs and those accumulating in tissues in diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy, discussing the potential protective role of HMG-R inhibitors against diabetic complications.

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