scholarly journals Intravenous Chemotherapy Compounding Errors in a Follow-Up Pan-Canadian Observational Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. e295-e303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Gilbert ◽  
Melissa C. Kozak ◽  
Roxanne B. Dobish ◽  
Venetia C. Bourrier ◽  
Paul M. Koke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Wrong Drug ◽  
Practice Standards

Purpose: Intravenous (IV) compounding safety has garnered recent attention as a result of high-profile incidents, awareness efforts from the safety community, and increasingly stringent practice standards. New research with more-sensitive error detection techniques continues to reinforce that error rates with manual IV compounding are unacceptably high. In 2014, our team published an observational study that described three types of previously unrecognized and potentially catastrophic latent chemotherapy preparation errors in Canadian oncology pharmacies that would otherwise be undetectable. We expand on this research and explore whether additional potential human failures are yet to be addressed by practice standards. Methods: Field observations were conducted in four cancer center pharmacies in four Canadian provinces from January 2013 to February 2015. Human factors specialists observed and interviewed pharmacy managers, oncology pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy assistants as they carried out their work. Emphasis was on latent errors (potential human failures) that could lead to outcomes such as wrong drug, dose, or diluent. Results: Given the relatively short observational period, no active failures or actual errors were observed. However, 11 latent errors in chemotherapy compounding were identified. In terms of severity, all 11 errors create the potential for a patient to receive the wrong drug or dose, which in the context of cancer care, could lead to death or permanent loss of function. Three of the 11 practices were observed in our previous study, but eight were new. Applicable Canadian and international standards and guidelines do not explicitly address many of the potentially error-prone practices observed. Conclusion: We observed a significant degree of risk for error in manual mixing practice. These latent errors may exist in other regions where manual compounding of IV chemotherapy takes place. Continued efforts to advance standards, guidelines, technological innovation, and chemical quality testing are needed.

scholarly journals A Self-Checking Hardware Journal for a Fault-Tolerant Processor Architecture

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsin Amin ◽  
Abbas Ramazani ◽  
Fabrice Monteiro ◽  
Camille Diou ◽  
Abbas Dandache
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerance ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Error Control ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Main Memory ◽  
Transient Faults ◽  
Processor Core ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Performance Area

We introduce a specialized self-checking hardware journal being used as a centerpiece in our design strategy to build a processor tolerant to transient faults. Fault tolerance here relies on the use of error detection techniques in the processor core together with journalization and rollback execution to recover from erroneous situations. Effective rollback recovery is possible thanks to using a hardware journal and chosing a stack computing architecture for the processor core instead of the usual RISC or CISC. The main objective of the journalization and the hardware self-checking journal is to prevent data not yet validated to be sent to the main memory, and allow to fast rollback execution on faulty situations. The main memory, supposed to be fault secure in our model, only contains valid (uncorrupted) data obtained from fault-free computations. Error control coding techniques are used both in the processor core to detect errors and in the HW journal to protect the temporarily stored data from possible changes induced by transient faults. Implementation results on an FPGA of the Altera Stratix-II family show clearly the relevance of the approach, both in terms of performance/area tradeoff and fault tolerance effectiveness, even for high error rates.

Real-time error detection techniques based on FPGA

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1459-1462
Author(s):  
Xiaoming JU ◽  
Jiehao ZHANG ◽  
Yizhong ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Time Error ◽  
Detection Techniques

scholarly journals Exponential suppression of bit or phase errors with cyclic error correction

Nature ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 595 (7867) ◽  
pp. 383-387
Author(s):  
◽  
Zijun Chen ◽  
Kevin J. Satzinger ◽  
Juan Atalaya ◽  
Alexander N. Korotkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Quantum Error Correction ◽  
Superconducting Qubits ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Logical Error ◽  
Quantum Error ◽  
Logical Qubit

AbstractRealizing the potential of quantum computing requires sufficiently low logical error rates1. Many applications call for error rates as low as 10−15 (refs. 2–9), but state-of-the-art quantum platforms typically have physical error rates near 10−3 (refs. 10–14). Quantum error correction15–17 promises to bridge this divide by distributing quantum logical information across many physical qubits in such a way that errors can be detected and corrected. Errors on the encoded logical qubit state can be exponentially suppressed as the number of physical qubits grows, provided that the physical error rates are below a certain threshold and stable over the course of a computation. Here we implement one-dimensional repetition codes embedded in a two-dimensional grid of superconducting qubits that demonstrate exponential suppression of bit-flip or phase-flip errors, reducing logical error per round more than 100-fold when increasing the number of qubits from 5 to 21. Crucially, this error suppression is stable over 50 rounds of error correction. We also introduce a method for analysing error correlations with high precision, allowing us to characterize error locality while performing quantum error correction. Finally, we perform error detection with a small logical qubit using the 2D surface code on the same device18,19 and show that the results from both one- and two-dimensional codes agree with numerical simulations that use a simple depolarizing error model. These experimental demonstrations provide a foundation for building a scalable fault-tolerant quantum computer with superconducting qubits.

scholarly journals Lookup Table Algorithm for Error Correction in Color Images

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Ruaa Alaadeen Abdulsattar ◽  
Nada Hussein M. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Color Image ◽  
Color Images ◽  
Lookup Table ◽  
Hamming Code ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Error Ratio ◽  
Error Detection And Correction ◽  
Large Burst

Error correction and error detection techniques are often used in wireless transmission systems. A color image of type BMP is considered as an application of developed lookup table algorithms to detect and correct errors in these images. Decimal Matrix Code (DMC) and Hamming code (HC) techniques were integrated to compose Hybrid Matrix Code (HMC) to maximize the error detection and correction. The results obtained from HMC still have some error not corrected because the redundant bits added by Hamming codes to the data are considered inadequate, and it is suitable when the error rate is low for detection and correction processes. Besides, a Hamming code could not detect large burst error period, in addition, the have same values sometimes which lead to not detect the error and consequently increase the error ratio. The proposed algorithm LUT_CORR is presented to detect and correct errors in color images over noisy channels, the proposed algorithm depends on the parallel Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) method that's based on two algorithms: Sarwate and slicing By N algorithms. The LUT-CORR and the aforementioned algorithms were merged to correct errors in color images, the output results correct the corrupted images with a 100 % ratio almost. The above high correction ratio due to some unique values that the LUT-CORR algorithm have. The HMC and the proposed algorithm applied to different BMP images, the obtained results from LUT-CORR are compared to HMC for both Mean Square Error (MSE) and correction ratio.  The outcome from the proposed algorithm shows a good performance and has a high correction ratio to retrieve the source BMP image.

An English pronunciation learning system for Japanese students based on diagnosis of critical pronunciation errors

ReCALL ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
YASUSHI TSUBOTA ◽  
MASATAKE DANTSUJI ◽  
TATSUYA KAWAHARA
Keyword(s):  
Error Rate ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Acoustic Model ◽  
Japanese Students ◽  
Speech Data ◽  
English Pronunciation

We have developed an English pronunciation learning system which estimates the intelligibility of Japanese learners' speech and ranks their errors from the viewpoint of improving their intelligibility to native speakers. Error diagnosis is particularly important in self-study since students tend to spend time on aspects of pronunciation that do not noticeably affect intelligibility. As a preliminary experiment, the speech of seven Japanese students was scored from 1 (hardly intelligible) to 5 (perfectly intelligible) by a linguistic expert. We also computed their error rates for each skill. We found that each intelligibility level is characterized by its distribution of error rates. Thus, we modeled each intelligibility level in accordance with its error rate. Error priority was calculated by comparing students' error rate distributions with that of the corresponding model for each intelligibility level. As non-native speech is acoustically broader than the speech of native speakers, we developed an acoustic model to perform automatic error detection using speech data obtained from Japanese students. As for supra-segmental error detection, we categorized errors frequently made by Japanese students and developed a separate acoustic model for that type of error detection. Pronunciation learning using this system involves two phases. In the first phase, students experience virtual conversation through video clips. They receive an error profile based on pronunciation errors detected during the conversation. Using the profile, students are able to grasp characteristic tendencies in their pronunciation errors which in effect lower their intelligibility. In the second phase, students practise correcting their individual errors using words and short phrases. They then receive information regarding the errors detected during this round of practice and instructions for correcting the errors. We have begun using this system in a CALL class at Kyoto University. We have evaluated system performance through the use of questionnaires and analysis of speech data logged in the server, and will present our findings in this paper.

scholarly journals Evolution and outcomes of sentinel lymph node mapping in vulvar cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vance Broach ◽  
Nadeem R Abu-Rustum ◽  
Yukio Sonoda ◽  
Carol L Brown ◽  
Elizabeth Jewell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Sentinel Lymph Node ◽  
Indocyanine Green ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Vulvar Cancer ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Left Groin ◽  
Detection Techniques

ObjectivesTo characterize our institutional experience with sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in patients with vulvar cancer. We describe the oncologic outcomes of these patients and the utilization of SLN detection techniques over time.MethodsA retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent inguinofemoral SLN biopsy as part of their treatment for vulvar cancer at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from January 1, 2000 to April 1, 2019. Patients were included in this analysis if they underwent inguinofemoral SLN biopsy for vulvar cancer, irrespective of presenting factors such as histology, tumor size or laterality. An “at-risk groin” was defined as either the right or left groin for which SLN biopsy of inguinofemoral lymph nodes was performed.ResultsA total of 160 patients were included in our analysis, representing 265 at-risk groins. 114 patients had squamous cell histology representing 195 at-risk groins. Of the 169 negative groins in patients with squamous cell carcinoma, the 2 year isolated groin recurrence rate was 1.2%. SLN detection rate, irrespective of modality, was 96.2%. Technetium-99 (TC-99) + blue dye detected SLNs in 91.8% of groins; TC-99 + indocyanine green detected SLNs in 100% of groins (p=0.157). Among the 110 groins that underwent mapping with TC-99 and blue dye, 4 patients had failed mapping with blue dye and mapped with TC-99 alone (3.6%). Among the 96 groins that underwent mapping with TC-99 and ICG, 14 patients failed to map with TC-99 and mapped with indocyanine green alone (14.6%).ConclusionsSLN mapping in vulvar cancer is reliable and oncologically effective. The utilization of indocyanine green for mapping has increased over the past decade and is associated with high rates of SLN detection.

scholarly journals Repeat prescribing – reducing errors

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Lillis ◽  
Hayley Lord
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Electronic Prescribing ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Repeat Prescribing ◽  
Cause Of Error ◽  
General Practices ◽  
Practice Assessment ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT: Prescribing errors account for a significant proportion of overall error in general practice. Repeat prescribing occurs commonly in New Zealand and is a likely cause of error in practice. ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEM: This paper reports on two related aspects of repeat prescribing; an audit of adherence to a repeat prescribing protocol and self-reported repeat prescribing incidents in a network of 97 general practices. RESULTS: The audit of adherence to the repeat prescribing protocol revealed that some issues persist. In particular, prescribing medication outside an approved list and exceeding specified time limits or maximal scripts before clinical review were problematic. Repeat prescribing encompassed a range of departures of process from minor (such as prescription not available on time) to major (wrong medication). Corrective measures highlighted the importance of both the pharmacist and the patient in error detection. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVEMENT: Repeat prescribing needs to be recognised as a process potentially fraught with error. Effective practice systems, patient involvement and enhanced pharmacy communication are important contributing factors in reducing error. LESSONS: There is need for robust data regarding error rates in prescribing and the impact of changing prescribing protocols on error rates. KEYWORDS: Medication errors; electronic prescribing

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