scholarly journals Toward the World Code Against Cancer

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Espina ◽  
Rolando Herrero ◽  
Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan ◽  
Etienne Krug ◽  
Christopher P. Wild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The World ◽  
European Code ◽  
Multiple Media ◽  
European Cancer

Overwhelmed by an abundance of often confusing, ambiguous, or apparently contradictory messages on disease prevention in today’s multiple media streams, the general public would surely value authoritative, clear, and evidence-based instructions on how to actively contribute to the reduction of their cancer risk. The European Code Against Cancer is a set of 12 recommendations for individuals on how to reduce cancer risk. The Code carries the authority and reliability of expert scientists working under the coordination of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the cancer research agency of the WHO. The Code’s messages are aimed at individuals and have been enthusiastically promoted by European cancer associations. The experience of developing and promoting the European Code has generated interest in developing analogous recommendations for other regions of the world. Under the overall umbrella of a World Code Against Cancer using the same International Agency for Research on Cancer methodology, regional Codes could be developed, focused on regions sufficiently large and distinct to merit development of versions adapted to regional differences in risk factors and cancer patterns. Consideration of such an adapted model illustrates why a simple translation of the European Code would not be sufficient to promote cancer prevention globally.

scholarly journals Esophageal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Diagnostic Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
I. A. Gladilina ◽  
A. A. Tryakin ◽  
F. O. Zakhidova ◽  
O. A. Malikhova ◽  
S. M. Ivanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Malignant Disease ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
International Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
Hands And Feet

Introduction: Esophageal cancer (EC) is a malignant disease with low survival rates and limited treatment options in the later stages. The epidemiological situation in developed countries tends to improve. However, in most states, including the Russian Federation, the situation remains in critical condition.Epidemiology of EC: Esophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive malignant disease. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in 2018, 572 thousand new cases of RP were registered in the world (3.2 % of the total number of malignant disease). In 2018, 508.6 thousand deaths from cancer were recorded in the world (5.3 % of the total number of deaths from cancer, 6th place) [1].EC risk factors: The following factors play an important role in the etiology of squamous EC:1. Diet (nitrites, hot food and drinks, insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals with food).2. Tobacco and alcohol use are independent risk factors, but when combined with others, they increasethe risk of the disease.3. Achalasia of the cardia.4. Burns of the esophagus.5. Autosomal dominant diseases characterized by hyperkeratosis of the palms of the hands and feet.The risk of developing EC reaches 37 % [2].6. Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 causes a risk of EC in 37 % of patients.Diagnostic methods: Traditional methods for the diagnosis of EC are: esophagogastroduodenosocpy with biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound with puncture biopsy of the mediastinal lymph nodes, computed tomography of the chest and abdominal organs (including contrast), magnetic resonance imaging of the chest cavity (including with contrasting), positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (including combined with computed tomography).

scholarly journals Red meat consumption is associated with an increased overall cancer risk: a prospective cohort study in Korea

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyung-Ah Wie ◽  
Yeong-Ah Cho ◽  
Hyun-hee Kang ◽  
Kyoung-A Ryu ◽  
Min-Kyoung Yoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Cancer is a leading cause of death, and the dietary pattern in Korea is changing rapidly from a traditional Korean diet to a Westernised diet. In the present study, we investigated the effects of dietary factors on cancer risk with a prospective cohort study. Among 26 815 individuals who participated in cancer screening examinations from September 2004 to December 2008, 8024 subjects who completed a self-administered questionnaire concerning demographic and lifestyle factors, and a 3 d food record were selected. As of September 2013, 387 cancer cases were identified from the National Cancer Registry System, and the remaining individuals were included in the control group. The hazard ratio (HR) of cancer for the subjects older than or equal to 50 years of age was higher (HR 1·80, 95 % CI 1·41, 2·31; P< 0·0001) than that for the other subjects. Red meat consumption, Na intake and obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were positively associated with overall cancer incidence in men (HR 1·41, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·94; P= 0·0382), gastric cancer (HR 2·34, 95 % CI 1·06, 5·19; P= 0·0365) and thyroid cancer (HR 1·56, 95 % CI 1·05, 2·31; P= 0·0270), respectively. Participants who had at least three dietary risk factors among the high intakes of red meat and Na, low intakes of vegetables and fruits, and obesity suggested by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research at baseline tended to have a higher risk of cancer than the others (HR 1·26, 95 % CI 0·99, 1·60; P= 0·0653). In summary, high intakes of red meat and Na were significant risk factors of cancer among Koreans.

scholarly journals Sport Specialization and Overuse Injuries in Adolescent Throwing Athletes: A Narrative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1030-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason L. Zaremski ◽  
Giorgio Zeppieri ◽  
Brady L. Tripp
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Overuse Injuries ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Water Polo ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The World

A significant number of adolescent athletes throughout the world participate in various throwing-dominant sports, including but not limited to baseball, cricket, handball, softball, track and field throwing events, and water polo. Due to the unique stresses placed on the throwing arm and entire body in these sports, a robust volume of literature has highlighted concerns about sport specialization in these athletes and an associated increased risk of injury, particularly to the dominant shoulder and elbow, with sport specialization. This review will highlight the evidence-based literature for this athletic niche, focusing on risk factors for injury, national and international organizations' recommendations for limiting overuse injuries, principles of conditioning and rehabilitative programs, and potential future areas of research to curb the growing incidence of throwing-related injuries among adolescent throwing athletes.

scholarly journals Appraising causal relationships of dietary, nutritional and physical-activity exposures with overall and aggressive prostate cancer: two-sample Mendelian randomization study based on 79,148 prostate cancer cases and 61,106 controls

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabila Kazmi ◽  
Philip Haycock ◽  
Konstantinos Tsilidis ◽  
Brigid M. Lynch ◽  
Therese Truong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Unsaturated Fat

SummaryBackgroundProstate cancer is the second most common male cancer worldwide, but there is substantial geographical variation suggesting a potential role for modifiable risk factors in prostate carcinogenesis.MethodsWe identified previously reported prostate cancer risk factors from the World Cancer Research Fund’s (WCRF) systematic appraisal of the global evidence (2018). We assessed whether each identified risk factor was causally associated with risk of overall (79,148 cases and 61,106 controls) or aggressive (15,167 cases and 58,308 controls) prostate cancer using Mendelian randomization (MR) based on genome wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from the PRACTICAL and GAME-ON/ELLIPSE consortia. We assessed evidence for replication in UK Biobank (7,844 prostate cancer cases and 204,001 controls).FindingsWCRF identified 57 potential risk factors, of which 22 could be instrumented for MR analyses using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In MR analyses for overall prostate cancer, we identified evidence compatible with causality for the following risk factors (odds ratio [OR] per standard deviation increase; 95% confidence interval): accelerometer-measured physical-activity, OR=0.49 (0.33-0.72; p=0.0003); serum iron, OR=0.92 (0.86-0.98; p=0.007); body mass index (BMI), OR=0.90 (0.84-0.97; p=0.003); and mono-unsaturated fat, OR=1.11 (1.02-1.20; p=0.02). Findings in our replication analyses in UK Biobank were compatible with our main analyses (albeit with wide confidence intervals). In MR analysis, height was positively associated with aggressive prostate cancer risk: OR=1.07 (1.01-1.15; p=0.03).InterpretationThe results for physical-activity, serum iron, BMI, mono-unsaturated fat and height are compatible with causality for prostate cancer but more research is needed to rule out violations of MR assumptions for some risk factors. The results suggest that interventions aimed at increasing physical activity may reduce prostate cancer risk, but the direction of effects of BMI, and iron are at odds with their effects on other diseases, so the overall public health impact of intervening on these need to be considered.FundingWorld Cancer Research Fund International (2015/1421), Cancer Research UK program grant (C18281/A19169), National Institute for Health Research, Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, and Victorian Cancer Agency (MCRF18005).

Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research recommendations and colorectal cancer risk

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Turati ◽  
Francesca Bravi ◽  
Matteo Di Maso ◽  
Cristina Bosetti ◽  
Jerry Polesel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Risk ◽  
Research Fund ◽  
American Institute ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Recommendations

scholarly journals Európai Rákellenes Kódex: 12 lehetőség, hogy csökkentse a rák kialakulásának kockázatát

2016 ◽  
Vol 157 (12) ◽  
pp. 451-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lajos Döbrőssy ◽  
Ágnes Cornides
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
European Code ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
Health Organization

Recently, the Word Health Organization/International Agency for Research on Cancer published the 4th edition of European Code against Cancer with 12 personal advices on how to diminish the risk of development of cancer. A proportion of advices refers to risk factors which are connected to our everyday lifestyle; an other admonishes to comply with the services offered by the health care system. In Hungary, the European Code has not received adequate publicity so far. As common risk factors play a major role in the development of chronic non-communicable diseases, the advices may contribute to the prevention of both cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(12), 451–460.

scholarly journals Dementia: Risk Factors and Updated Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Nepal ◽  
B Jeffrey ◽  
M Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorder ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Global Health Problem

 With the tremendous rise in the aging population around the world, the prevalence of Major Neurocognitive Disorders is skyrocketing. In the same manner, the burden of the morbidity and mortality associated with the such disorders has been a global health problem. Most of the time, the cause of Major Neurocognitive Disorder is unknown. Our review article is an attempt to summarize the likely modifiable risk factors associated with the disorder. In this manner there could be insight into further confirmatory and exploratory evidence based studies of these factors for early intervention to prevent and delay the progression of full blown disease. Among the modifiable risk factors, the ones that have been discussed here are smoking, activity both physical and cognitive, cardiovascular risk factors, depression, traumatic brain injury and sleep.J Psychiatrists’ Association of Nepal Vol. 6, No. 2, 2017, Page: 3-7

scholarly journals Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research cancer prevention recommendations and WNT-pathway-related markers of bowel cancer risk

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona C. Malcomson ◽  
Naomi D. Willis ◽  
Iain McCallum ◽  
Long Xie ◽  
Seamus Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Research ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Wnt Pathway ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Bowel Cancer ◽  
Colonic Crypt ◽  
American Institute ◽  
Adherence Score ◽  
The World

AbstractBowel cancer risk is strongly influenced by lifestyle factors including diet and physical activity. Several studies have investigated the effects of adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) cancer prevention recommendations on outcomes such as all-cause and cancer-specific mortality, but the relationships with molecular mechanisms that underlie the effects on bowel cancer risk are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between adherence to the WCRF/AICR cancer prevention recommendations and wingless/integrated (WNT)-pathway-related markers of bowel cancer risk, including the expression of WNT pathway genes and regulatory microRNA (miRNA), secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) methylation and colonic crypt proliferative state in colorectal mucosal biopsies. Dietary and lifestyle data from seventy-five healthy participants recruited as part of the DISC Study were used. A scoring system was devised including seven of the cancer prevention recommendations and smoking status. The effects of total adherence score and scores for individual recommendations on the measured outcomes were assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation analysis and unpaired t tests, respectively. Total adherence score correlated negatively with expression of Myc proto-oncogene (c-MYC) (P=0·039) and WNT11 (P=0·025), and high adherers had significantly reduced expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) (P=0·042), WNT11 (P=0·012) and c-MYC (P=0·048). Expression of axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2), glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3β), catenin β1 (CTNNB1) and WNT11 and of the oncogenic miRNA miR-17 and colonic crypt kinetics correlated significantly with scores for individual recommendations, including body fatness, red meat intake, plant food intake and smoking status. The findings from this study provide evidence for positive effects of adherence to the WCRF/AICR cancer prevention recommendations on WNT-pathway-related markers of bowel cancer risk.

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