SIRIUS, Seismic Risk Indicator in Urban Space

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Mota de Sá ◽  
Carlos Sousa Oliveira ◽  
Mónica Amaral Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
End Users ◽  
Risk Information ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Risk Variability ◽  
The City

Despite numerous research efforts in recent years, seismic risk continues to be difficult to perceive and communicate. Although researchers have access to sophisticated tools that can quantify seismic risk, such groups as public authorities, land use and urban planners, stakeholders, end-users, and citizens should also be able to access simple seismic risk information. Thus, SIRIUS was built and mapped into a scale following the Weber and Fechner perception law, with impacts described in a simple yet meaningful language while capturing the two most fundamental dimensions that explain risk variability along the urban space: the reliability deficit and human concentration. With SIRIUS, at-risk places and the reasons why seismic risk is a concern are easy to identify and communicate. To illustrate the potential of this robust indicator, an application of SIRIUS to the city of Lisbon is presented.

scholarly journals The time varying network of urban space uses in Milan

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alba Bernini ◽  
Amadou Lamine Toure ◽  
Renato Casagrandi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Mobile Phone Data ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
The City

AbstractIn a metropolis, people movements design intricate patterns that change on very short temporal scales. Population mobility obviously is not random, but driven by the land uses of the city. Such an urban ecosystem can interestingly be explored by integrating the spatial analysis of land uses (through ecological indicators commonly used to characterize natural environments) with the temporal analysis of human mobility (reconstructed from anonymized mobile phone data). Considering the city of Milan (Italy) as a case study, here we aimed to identify the complex relations occurring between the land-use composition of its neighborhoods and the spatio-temporal patterns of occupation made by citizens. We generated two spatially explicit networks, one static and the other temporal, based on the analysis of land uses and mobile phone data, respectively. The comparison between the results of community detection performed on both networks revealed that neighborhoods that are similar in terms of land-use composition are not necessarily characterized by analogous temporal fluctuations of human activities. In particular, the historical concentric urban structure of Milan is still under play. Our big data driven approach to characterize urban diversity provides outcomes that could be important (i) to better understand how and when urban spaces are actually used, and (ii) to allow policy makers improving strategic development plans that account for the needs of metropolis-like permanently changing cities.

Planning for Women and other Disenabled Groups, with Reference to the Provision of Public Toilets in Britain

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
C H Greed
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
North American ◽  
Organisational Context ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Governmental Support ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The City ◽  
Public Toilets

In this paper the reasons why it is proving so difficult to implement enabling policies to make urban space more accessible for women and other disenabled groups, with particular reference to the provision of public toilets in Britain, are investigated. Toilet provision is described, and factors are identified which have contributed to the situation, with reference to the governmental, professional, and organisational context. Alternative approaches to implementation are considered and examples are drawn from North American zoning-based systems. Although land-use zoning has a reputation for being socially divisive it is argued that zoning ordinance systems can be used constructively as a means of achieving social provision such as toilet facilities. It is concluded that, although it is important to solve existing problems by modifying existing urban structures, a more radical reconceptualisation of the city is needed to meet the needs of the majority of its users. To achieve this there is a need for a change in the subcultural values of the decisionmakers and for governmental support.

scholarly journals Research of the Morphological Types of Blocks in the Old City of Nanjing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiqian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Top Down ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Old City ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

The block is one of the basic elements of urban space and its morphology is always changing due to the accumulation and substitution of constructions in different times. This dissertation has focused on the evolution and morphological types of blocks in the old city of Nanjing, in order to reveal the characteristics of blocks in Chinese cities, where top-down plans and practical constructions have been remaining conflicted in the long history of development. Extensive studies of relevant literature, quantitative researches and graphic analyses have been adopted to meet the research aims. This research has produced a number of key findings: at the scale of the whole city, the grid of roads tend to deviate from the boundaries of morphological homogeneous districts, or to say, plan-units; blocks in the old city of Nanjing usually contain all or part of several different plan-units, which can be divided according to construction times, geographical conditions and land-use types; the morphological difference of blocks can be presented by the different plan-units contained and the configuration pattern, so in this way a classification system for blocks has been established; some regularity has also been concluded regarding the transformation of block morphology, although there are various types of blocks in the city.

The Phenomenon of Anti-Café or New Places for Leisure Time Activities of Young People in the Context of Virtualization of the Urban Space (The Case Study of Rubikovʼs Cube Smart Place in the City of Saransk)

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-729
Author(s):  
Tatiana M. Dadaeva ◽  
Tatiana A. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Media Technologies ◽  
The City

Introduction. New places for leisure time activities in the format of anti-café, created by initiative townsmen, have been gaining popularity in the urban space over the past ten years, which has made the study of this topic relevant. The article studies the leisure time activities of young people, identifies the features of the structure, content, and functions in the conditions of an anti-café, and conceptualizes the causes and potential of the phenomenon of anti-café in the urban space. Materials and Methods. Data from unstructured interviews with visitors and the management, as well as participant observation of Rubikov’s Cube Smart Place in the city of Saransk were used as the empirical basis for this study. Using analytical methods and research techniques (analysis, generalization, induction, deduction, as well as the systemic approach) made it possible to substantiate the authors’ point of view on the causes, functions and potential of new places for leisure time activities of young people in the urban space. Results. The authors have raised the theoretical problem of the emergence of new places for leisure time activities of young people in the context of hypermodernity and the development of media technologies in urban spaces. Based on the data from a case-study of the anti-café, popular leisure time activities have been identified, as well as structure, content, and functions of the anti-café, and motivations for visiting such places and socio-demographic characteristics of the main anti-café customers. The authors have also identified the contradictions in the reasons for the popularity of anti-cafés in the context of hypermodernity, emphasizing that anti-cafés create new forms of loneliness and the need for the “third place”, multi-layered, hybrid spaces (where public turns into private, private into public, and online and offline communications intersect) in collective practices, which the city satisfies. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the conducted research, the authors have drawn a conclusion about the role of anti-cafés (time clubs, coworking spaces) in the formation of the future creative class, without which an effective economy is impossible. The difficulties in studying this topic were due to the lack of statistical data on the problem. The materials of this article will be useful for public authorities, entrepreneurs, specialists engaged in creating places for leisure time activities in the urban space, as well as when elaborating such training courses as “Sociology of the City” and “Sociology of Culture”.

scholarly journals Development Controls in Toronto in the Nineteenth Century

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël Fischler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Land Use Regulation ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Land Use Regulations ◽  
Incremental Development ◽  
Contemporary Development ◽  
The City

Histories of contemporary development control tend to situate its beginning in the first or second decade of the twentieth century, when modern zoning bylaws were adopted. Yet, as some researchers have pointed out, building and land-use regulations took shape in the nineteenth century and even earlier. This paper focuses on controls set by the City of Toronto between 1834, when it was incorporated, and 1904, when it adopted bylaw no. 4408, which is seen by many as the first step taken by the city toward modern zoning. In technical terms, it appears that a coherent, though minimal, apparatus of land-use regulation was already in place by the 1860s. Over the course of the nineteenth century, building codes and nuisance laws display the growing intervention of public authorities in the development of the industrial city. Municipal control over material production and over human activity diversifies and finds expression in increasingly complex ordinances. In political terms, the bylaws reveal a growing concern with socio-spatial differentiation and with the protection of property values rather than with health and safety. The incremental development of land-use regulation suggests that, even though North American cities borrowed from each other and from their European counterparts, they constructed zoning locally, in accordance to local needs, resources, and constraints (economic, political, and legal) and in a piecemeal fashion, one bylaw, one amendment at a time.

scholarly journals A Perspective on Inhabited Urban Space: Land Use and Occupation, Heat Islands, and Precarious Urbanization as Determinants of Territorial Receptivity to Dengue in the City of Rio De Janeiro

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6537
Author(s):  
Jefferson Pereira Caldas Santos ◽  
Nildimar Alves Honório ◽  
Christovam Barcellos ◽  
Aline Araújo Nobre
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Map Algebra ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
Environmental Processes ◽  
The North ◽  
The City

Introduction: Rio de Janeiro is the second-largest city in Brazil, with strong socio-spatial segregation, and diverse and heterogeneous land use, occupation, and landscapes. The complexity of dengue requires the construction of surveillance and control tools that take into account the historical, social, economic, and environmental processes mediated in the territory as a central axis of public policy. In this context, this study aimed to stratify the city into areas of receptivity to dengue, using innovative “territorial indicators” because they are built based on the actual occupation of the territory. Methods: We designed and constructed 17 indicators that sought to characterize the transformed and inhabited space according to receptivity to dengue. We used data on land use and occupation, connectivity, climate, and landscape. We developed the dengue receptivity through principal component analysis (PCA), using multiple criteria analysis and map algebra integrated in a GIS platform. Results: The most receptive areas were concentrated in the transition between the north and west zones of the city, a region of unconsolidated urban sprawl. The areas of greatest receptivity had the highest incidence and density of Aedes eggs during the study period. The correlation between receptivity index and incidence rate was positive in the epidemic years. Conclusion: The proposed set of indicators was able to identify areas of greater receptivity, such as regions of disorderly urban sprawl, with a concentration of social and environmental processes that are related to the occurrence of dengue outbreaks and high vector density. On the other hand, population immunity plays an important role in the spatial distribution of dengue during non-epidemic years.

The impact of urban regrowth on the built environment

Urban Studies ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2683-2700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Wolff ◽  
Annegret Haase ◽  
Dagmar Haase ◽  
Nadja Kabisch
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Similar Density ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

After several decades, an increasing number of European cities have been experiencing population growth after a longer phase of decline. This new growth represents not just a quantitative phenomenon but also has qualitative implications for the urban space and the built environment. A juxtaposition of re- and de-densification, as well as changes in land use, in the form of a small-scale spatial mosaic, can be observed. A crucial factor for estimating the relationship between the built environment and demand for it is population density. Increasing population densities may put pressure on sustaining a certain quality of life and on ecological recovery spaces. In this vein, an indicator concept for re- and de-densification will be applied to the city of Leipzig, one of the most illustrative examples of a regrowing city, in order to shed light on the complex relationship between changing human housing demands and their impact on land use. The concept involves measuring population density. Our study has demonstrated that, although similar density changes can be observed in different periods in different parts of the city, they are dominated by different drivers, leading to the formation of different spatial patterns. The results of our study emphasise that regrowth should be understood as a distinctive process because it is distributed very heterogeneously within the city area, with a variety of spatial effects and impacts. The concept allows us to draw conclusions about processes that mitigate, drive or reinforce regrowth, and therefore contributes to a better understanding of this phenomenon and its implications for land use.

scholarly journals Variação Microclimática de Sítios Urbanos com Diferentes Níveis de Cobertura Vegetal Como Subsídio à Formação de Ilha de Calor

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (07) ◽  
pp. 3254
Author(s):  
Pedro Hugo Oliveira Moreira ◽  
Alan Cavalcanti da Cunha ◽  
João De Athaydes Silva Júnior ◽  
Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Meteorological Elements ◽  
The City

O objetivo da investigação é analisar variações espaciais e sazonais de elementos meteorológicos que evidenciam a formação e ocorrência do fenômeno da Ilha de Calor Urbana (ICU) na cidade de Macapá. A metodologia de estudo avaliou a evolução histórica da cobertura de vegetação e da malha urbana utilizando-se técnicas de geoprocessamento e de classificação supervisionada de Máxima Verossimilhança (MAXVER). Com este objetivo foram analisadas séries de dados contínuos coletados durante dez dias consecutivos nos períodos chuvoso (Abril/2018), Seco (Novembro/2018) e Transição (Junho/2019). Os elementos meteorológicos quantificados foram a umidade relativa do ar (UR) e a temperatura média do ar (T). Cinco estações semi-automáticas foram estrategicamente distribuídas ao longo de dois eixos de máximo prolongamento da zona urbana de Macapá, nos sentidos Nordeste-Sudoeste e Oeste-Leste. Os resultados indicaram significativa variação sazonal da Temperatura e da Umidade Relativa (p<0,05). Espacialmente, os resultados também foram significativos (p<0,05), sugerindo influência espaço-sazonal dos padrões de variabilidade de T e UR sobre ICU correlacionados com as taxas de uso e ocupação do solo. Assim, ICU mostrou-se significativamente dependente tanto do índice de vegetação (R2=0,47, p<0,05) quanto do índice de urbanização (R2=0,62, p<0,05). Conclui-se que a sazonalidade diária observada sugere existência do fenômeno da ilha de calor urbana, especialmente nas zonas central e sul da cidade, cujos índices inclusive têm sido confirmados por estudos similares. Os dados de sazonalidade dos elementos meteorológicos analisados, sua relação com o uso do solo, podem trazer elementos importantes para o debate sobre a formação da ICU nas cidades amazônicas. Microclimatic Variation in Urban Sites with Different Levels of Vegetable Cover as a Subsidy to the Formation of Heat Island A B S T R A C TThe objective of the investigation is to analyze spatial and seasonal variations of meteorological elements that evidence the formation and occurrence of the phenomenon of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) in the city of Macapá. The study methodology comprised the historical evolution of vegetation cover and urban space using geoprocessing techniques and supervised classification of Maximum Likelihood (MAXVER). With this objective, continuous data series collected during ten consecutive days in the rainy (April/2018), Dry (November/2018) and Intermediate (June/2019) periods were analyzed. The meteorological elements quantified were relative humidity (RH) and average air temperature (T). Five semi-automatic gauges were strategically distributed along two axes of maximum extension of the urban area of Macapá, in the Northeast-Southwest and West-East directions. The results indicated significant seasonal variation of Temperature and Relative Humidity (p<0.05). Spatially, the results were also significant (p<0.05), suggesting influence of T and RH variability patterns on UHI correlated with land use and occupation rates on. Thus, ICU was significantly dependent on both the vegetation index (R2=0.47, p<0.05) and the urbanization index (R2=0.62, p<0.05). We concluded that the daily seasonality observed suggests the existence of the phenomenon of the urban heat island, especially in the central and southern zones of the city, whose indices have even been confirmed by similar studies. The seasonality data of the meteorological elements analyzed, their relationship with land use, can bring important elements to the debate on the formation of ICU in Amazonian cities.Keywords: Meteorological element, vegetation, urbanization, urban heat island, Macapá.

scholarly journals Principios de la forma urbana en el trabajo de Leslie Martin y el LUBFS | Principles of the urban form in the work of Leslie Martin and the LUBFS

ZARCH ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Javier De Esteban Garbayo
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Built Form ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
The City ◽  
Cambridge School

La revisión de la arquitectura moderna suscitada en el ámbito británico durante los años cincuenta y sesenta supone uno de los referentes para entender la evolución del pensamiento arquitectónico durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Uno de los temas de mayor alcance fue el esfuerzo por desarrollar nuevos principios de la forma urbana y superar algunas limitaciones de la ciudad moderna. El papel de Leslie Martin tuvo especial trascendencia tanto en la práctica como en el ámbito académico como director de la Escuela de Arquitectura de Cambridge y del grupo LUBFS (Land Use and Built Form Studies). Su trabajo, además de un modo singular de entender la ciudad, refleja algunas de las cuestiones más relevantes debatidas en este contexto. Del mismo modo que la comprensión de los aciertos y fracasos de propuestas urbanas como las de Leslie Martin permiten entender la deriva fragmentaria que toma posteriormente la reacción postmoderna, también posibilitan una base para repensar la ciudad contemporánea.PALABRAS CLAVE: Forma urbana, trama, espacio urbano, densidad, geometría.The review of modern architecture raised in Britain during the fifties and sixties became a reference to understand the evolution of the architectural thought during the second half of the twentieth century. One of the most discusses subject was the effort to develop new principles of urban form and overcome some limitations of the modern city. The role of Leslie Martin was particularly significant both in practice and in the academic field as director of The Cambridge School of Architecture and the LUBFS (Land Use and Built Form Studies). His work, in addition to a unique way of understanding the city, reflects some of the most relevant topics discussed in this context. In the same way that the understanding of the successes and failures of urban proposals such as those of Leslie Martin allow us to understand the postmodern fragmentary reaction, they also provide a basis to rethink the contemporary city.KEYWORDS: Urban form, Grid, Urban space, Density, Geometry.

scholarly journals Do Administrative Incentives for the Containment of Cities Work? An Analysis of the Accelerated Procedure for Binding Land-Use Plans for Inner Urban Development in Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Dillmann ◽  
Volker Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
German Government ◽  
Development Section ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City

In order to reduce land conversion for settlement and traffic purposes, the German government introduced in 2002 the 30 ha per day objective and since then established a number of policies and projects in order to achieve this goal in 2030. On 1 January 2007, an amendment of the Federal Building Code came into force, which introduced an accelerated procedure for binding land-use plans for inner urban development (section 13a). The aim of this amendment was to simplify and accelerate the planning law for projects to support inner urban development. This paper seeks to answer the question of whether or not the accelerated procedure contributes to increased inner urban development by providing incentives for the reuse of vacant developed land, which are often contaminated sites. Based on the example of the city of Stralsund in the rural region of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, we explore the quantitative land development in the inner and outer area from 1990 to 2018 and calculate costs savings for developers and public authorities. The results reveal that, although the accelerated procedure has been widely applied in the city of Stralsund since 2007, its effect on increased inner urban development has been very limited. The magnitude of the cost advantage is rather small, so that the accelerated procedure is often not regarded as decisive for the decision of inner versus outer development. The accelerated procedure has reduced the administrative burden for developers and public administration; however, in order to reach the 30 ha per day objective, more tailored policy instruments are needed.

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