Tohoku Tsunami-Induced Building Failure Analysis with Implications for U.S. Tsunami and Seismic Design Codes

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 99-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Chock ◽  
Lyle Carden ◽  
Ian Robertson ◽  
Michael Olsen ◽  
Guangren Yu
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Fluid Loading ◽  
Flow Equations ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Design Loads ◽  
And Performance ◽  
American Society ◽  
Benchmark Structures ◽  
Tohoku Tsunami

The structural details of numerous damaged buildings in the Tohoku region were documented soon after the 11 March 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake and tsunami by a reconnaissance team sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Tsunami flow depths and velocities were determined based on analysis of video records and the observed effects on simple benchmark structures in the flow. Equations for various conditions of fluid loading were then validated through failure analyses completed for several buildings, using finite element modeling and LiDAR scans. These analysis tools were applied full-scale to buildings with clearly identified failure mechanisms to validate methodologies to be included in a new chapter on “Tsunami Loads and Effects” in the ASCE 7-2016 Standard, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. These findings, together with an analysis of the inherent seismic inelastic capacities of mid-rise buildings, are relevant for establishing the loadings and performance objectives proposed for the new chapter on “Tsunami Loads and Effects” in the ASCE 7 Standard.

scholarly journals Seismic design of timber structures study group review, March 1986

1986 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Elastic Limit ◽  
Ductile Failure ◽  
Seismic Loading ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Timber Structures ◽  
Structural Walls ◽  
Code Of Practice ◽  
Design Loads

Timber structures have had a reputation for performing comparatively well in earthquakes. However other structural materials now have design codes and recommendations that considerably improve their performance during earthquakes. In addition the form of timber structures has changed considerably in recent years, typically with less timber, bigger spans and less non-structural walls. Design recommendations and codes need to be reviewed and rewritten to ensure adequate performance is achieved. In 1965 New Zealand Standards issued NZS 1900 Chapter 8, Design Loads. This code of practice set the basic levels of seismic loading to be designed for in New Zealand, and while they have been modified and refined, the principles established still exist in our present code (NZS 4203:1984) today. The 1965 code was the first code to make reference to the principle of ductility, the abi1ity of some materials and structures to be deformed briefly beyond their elastic limit without catastrophic failure. The ability to withstand large displacements temporarily permitted design loadings to be used which are considerably lower than would have been the case had the structure been assumed to be brittle and thus been required to remain elastic through any seismic disturbance. A corollary is that non-ductile failure of any member must be suppressed by consideration of the capacity loads on it that can be generated by the yielding mechanism.

Development of Tsunami Design Provisions for the ASCE 7-16 Standard

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian N. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Structural Damage ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Model Code ◽  
The Us ◽  
Design Loads ◽  
American Society

Building design codes in the US do not include any consideration of tsunami design, even though past tsunamis have caused significant structural damage in coastal communities. In February 2011 the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) formed a new Tsunami Loads and Effects subcommittee, which spent four years to develop a new chapter for inclusion in the ASCE7-16 Standard, Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures. This new chapter has now been approved by the ASCE7 Main Committee and ASCE7-16 has been published with a new Chapter 6, Tsunami Loads and Effects. In December 2016, ASCE 7–16 was officially adopted by the International Code Council, with the new chapter on Tsunami Loads and Effects, for inclusion in the US model code, IBC 2018. The tsunami design provisions will apply to all coastal communities in California, Oregon, Washington State, Alaska and Hawaii. This paper presents an overview of the new ASCE7-16 Tsunami Loads and Effects design provisions and how they were developed based on field survey observations and laboratory experimentation.

The dynamic analysis of an apartment building

1966 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-34
Author(s):  
R. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Response Spectra ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Apartment Building ◽  
Electronic Digital Computer ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
Earthquake Resistant Structures ◽  
Design Loads ◽  
Mode Response

abstract The normal-mode, response-spectra approach to the design of earthquake resistant structures forms the background to many design codes including the New Zealand one. In order to apply these codes, and thus establish the seismic design loads, predictions of the elastic dynamic characteristics of a building must be made as part of the design process. This paper describes the analysis undertaken using an electronic digital computer for the purpose of predicting the dynamic characteristics of one of New Zealand's tallest apartment buildings, the sixteen story Jerningham Apartments in Oriental Bay, Wellington.

Evolution of seismic design codes of highway bridges in Chile

2021 ◽  
pp. 875529302098801
Author(s):  
José Wilches ◽  
Hernán Santa Maria ◽  
Roberto Leon ◽  
Rafael Riddell ◽  
Matías Hube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Highway Bridges ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Seismic Codes ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Residual Displacements ◽  
Shear Keys ◽  
Maule Earthquake ◽  
2010 Maule Earthquake

Chile, as a country with a long history of strong seismicity, has a record of both a constant upgrading of its seismic design codes and structural systems, particularly for bridges, as a result of major earthquakes. Recent earthquakes in Chile have produced extensive damage to highway bridges, such as deck collapses, large transverse residual displacements, yielding and failure of shear keys, and unseating of the main girders, demonstrating that bridges are highly vulnerable structures. Much of this damage can be attributed to construction problems and poor detailing guidelines in design codes. After the 2010 Maule earthquake, new structural design criteria were incorporated for the seismic design of bridges in Chile. The most significant change was that a site coefficient was included for the estimation of the seismic design forces in the shear keys, seismic bars, and diaphragms. This article first traces the historical development of earthquakes and construction systems in Chile to provide a context for the evolution of Chilean seismic codes. It then describes the seismic performance of highway bridges during the 2010 Maule earthquake, including the description of the main failure modes observed in bridges. Finally, this article provides a comparison of the Chilean bridge seismic code against the Japanese and United States codes, considering that these codes have a great influence on the seismic codes for Chilean bridges. The article demonstrates that bridge design and construction practices in Chile have evolved substantially in their requirements for the analysis and design of structural elements, such as in the definition of the seismic hazard to be considered, tending toward more conservative approaches in an effort to improve structural performance and reliability for Chilean bridges.

Fuzzy set-theoretic models for interpretation of seismic design codes

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seema Alim ◽  
David Lloyd Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Design Codes

Western Religion in the Long 1960s

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-831
Author(s):  
HUGH MCLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Religious Revival ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Post War ◽  
American Society

The Yale church historian, Sydney Ahlstrom, had just emerged somewhat dazed from the Sixties when he reviewed the religious trajectory of the United States during that decade. He wrote that by 1966 it was clear that ‘the post-war religious revival had completely frittered out, that the nation was moving towards a crise de la conscience of unprecedented depth’. As well as a ‘growing attachment to naturalism and “secularism”’ he mentioned ‘a creeping or galloping awareness of vast contradictions in American life between profession and performance, the ideal and the actual’ and ‘increasing doubt concerning the capacity of present-day ecclesiastical, political, social and educational institutions to rectify these contradictions’. As Ahlstrom made clear in a later essay, he saw the crisis faced both by the Roman Catholic Church and by the ‘mainline’ Protestant Churches as part of a wider loss of ‘confidence or hope’ in American society and a passing away of ‘the certitudes that had always shaped the nation's well-being and sense of destiny’.

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