The Effects of Building Characteristics and Site Conditions on the Damage Distribution in Boumerdès after the 2003 Algeria Earthquake

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelghani Meslem ◽  
Fumio Yamazaki ◽  
Yoshihisa Maruyama ◽  
Djillali Benouar ◽  
Abderrahmane Kibboua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Damage Distribution ◽  
Moment Frame ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Algerian Seismic Code ◽  
Frame Systems ◽  
Observed Damage ◽  
River Valleys

This study highlights the major contributing factors to the observed damage distribution in the city of Boumerdès after the 2003 Algeria earthquake. The results of field investigations and statistical analyses show that a majority of the damaged buildings, mostly mid-rise reinforced concrete (RC) moment-frame systems, were located on steep slopes and small hilltops, along river valleys. The horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) ratios from free-field microtremor measurements at these sites did not show clear results. In contrast, buildings with the same structural characteristics located on flat ground did not suffer much damage, and clear peaks were observed from the H/V ratio curves. The amplification effects of topography have not been incorporated into the revised Algerian seismic code, but the results from this study show the importance of considering this factor when designing new buildings for earthquake resistance.

scholarly journals Contributing factors to the failure of an unusually large landslide triggered by the 2014 Ludian, Yunnan, China, <i>M</i><sub>s</sub>  =  6.5 earthquake

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 497-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. F. Chang ◽  
X. L. Chen ◽  
X. W. An ◽  
J. W. Cui
Keyword(s):  
Crustal Deformation ◽  
Landslide Dam ◽  
Debris Avalanche ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Rock Structure ◽  
Large Landslide ◽  
Weak Interlayer ◽  
Steep Slopes

Abstract. The 3 August 2014 Ludian, China, Ms  =  6.5 earthquake caused many large landslides. The biggest occurred at Hongshiyan near the epicenter, had a volume of 1.0  ×  107 m3 and dammed the Niulanjiang River, creating a large lake. Post-event field investigations yielded detailed data on the following aspects: rock structure of the landslide, the local lithology and geometry of the area around the landslide dam and composition and grain sizes of the debris avalanche. Based on these data, this work analyzes the geology and topography of the Hongshiyan area, and explores reasons for the occurrence of an unusually large landslide at this location. Our analysis suggests the following conditions are responsible for this catastrophic event. (1) Due to recent crustal deformation, intense incision on the river increased topographic relief with steep slopes and scarps. (2) Combined structures, including unloading fissures, high-angle joints and low-angle beds along the river, as well as an upper-strong and lower-weak interlayer structure on the slope, especially the existence of weak layers in the slope, are important factors that contribute to this large failure. (3) Hongshiyan lies near an active fault, where intense crustal deformation has resulted in rock fractures and weathering, and frequent earthquakes may progressively reduce the strength of the slope. (4) During the Ms  =  6.5 earthquake, the terrain and site conditions led to abnormally strong ground shaking. The combined impacts of these factors triggered a very large landslide during a moderate-sized earthquake.

Left-lateral shearing before coeval exhumation between the high pressure Yuli belt and the underlying Mesozoic Tailuko belt? Insights from the Shoufeng fault in eastern Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Cheng Lee ◽  
Gong-Ruei Ho ◽  
Yuan-Hsi Lee ◽  
En-Chao Yeh ◽  
Tim Byrne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Continental Margin ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Philippine Sea Plate ◽  
Geochronological Data ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Mylonite Zone ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Lateral Shearing ◽  
Geological Units

&lt;p&gt;Based on field investigations, microscopic observations, and available geophysical, geochemical and geochronological data, this study intends to better understand the structural characteristics of the Eurasian continental margin (e.g., the eastern Central Range in Taiwan) during subduction and exhumation while the Philippine Sea plate has been approaching in the vicinity of Taiwan since the Miocene time.&amp;#160; The eastern Central Range is composed of two major geological units: 1) the Tailuko belt, the Mesozoic metamorphic subduction complex, retro-metamorphosed in green schist facies and exhumed since late Miocene, and 2) the Yuli belt, continental margin rocks that contain high-pressure minerals (omphacite, glaucophane, garnet) with Miocene-Pliocene ages suggesting rapid exhumation from mantle depths of 40-50 km.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We conducted detailed field surveys around the Shoufeng fault which represents the boundary between the Tailuko belt and the Yuli belt. We found a mylonite zone of several kilometers wide in the boundary of these two belts. Based on the meso- and microscopic scale observations we define the boundary as ultra-mylonite, mylonite, and proto-mylonite zones. Within the ultra-mylonite and mylonite zones, rocks from two belts are intercalated each other in varied widths. The main dominant schistosity/cleavage in the mylonite zones (Sm/S3) remains the same orientation of striking in NE/NNE and dipping to the west. Also, the main composition layers, which we tentatively called S2 for the sake of field investigations, were more intensively deformed (i.e., crenulated, folded, etc.) from outside toward the core of the mylonite zones. As a result, the Sm/S3 becomes less persistent outside of the mylonite zones in the Yuli belt.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mylonite zones exhibit left-lateral Sm/S3-related shearing without significant down-dip component. We also observed a general S2/S3-related top-to-west sense of shear across the two belts. As a consequence, we tend to interpret that the Yuli belt and the Tailuko belt have been mylonitically sheared (Sm/S3) in a left-lateral movement at the depth and that they exhumed coevally up to the surface level. The schistosity of the main composition layers S2 probably occurred before the mylonization during the transition from subduction to exhumation. The shallow dipping and less dominant S3 outside the mylonite zone might imply an upward unroofing process during the rapid exhumation of the eastern Central Range of Taiwan.&lt;/p&gt;

Regeneration of Fishing Ports as Tourism Industry in Republic of Korea

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wonjo Jung ◽  
Takeo Kondo ◽  
Kazukiyo Yamamoto ◽  
Hanseok Lee
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Production Quantity ◽  
Remote Islands ◽  
Tourism Potential ◽  
Nature Preservation ◽  
Dependent Type

Factor analyses were performed on fifty eight national fishing ports in Korea, excluding ones on remote islands, with respect to their latent tourism potential, and they were classified as historical/cultural type, fisheries industry-oriented type, tourism development type, nature preservation type, or fishing port-dependent type. Then, cluster analyses were performed to examine these fishing ports from the perspectives of fisheries industry/preservation type and recreation/development type. Results of analyses on tourism characteristics of fishing ports according to the typology indicated regionally uneven trends. In addition, the results of our analyses on the fishing ports with respect to latent tourism potential and tourism structural characteristics showed that the most important contributing factors were production quantity of fisheries products and moorage facilities, followed by nature tourist sites, harbor fixed-water area, and outlying facilities, in that order. Therefore, in developing fishing ports for tourism in the future, political measures are required to enhance fisheries industry bases for maintaining the function of fishing grounds, and, additionally, projects for improving the environment, such as purification of harbor water, are necessary.

Statistical Analysis of Bridge Damage Data from the 1994 Northridge, CA, Earthquake

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nesrin I. Basöz ◽  
Anne S. Kiremidjian ◽  
Stephanie A. King ◽  
Kincho H. Law
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Repair Cost ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
Bridge Damage ◽  
Observed Damage

This paper presents the significant findings from a study on damage to bridges during the January 17, 1994 Northridge, CA earthquake. The damage and repair cost data were compiled in a database for bridges in the Greater Los Angeles area. Observed damage data for all bridges were discriminated by structural characteristics. The analyses of data on bridge damage showed that concrete structures designed and built with older design standards were more prone to damage under seismic loading. Repair and/or reconstruction of collapsed structures formed seventy five percent of the total estimated repair cost. Peak ground acceleration values were also estimated at all bridge locations as part of this study. Empirical relationships between ground motion and bridge damage, and repair cost ratio were developed in the form of fragility curves and damage probability matrices, respectively. A comparison of the empirical and available ground motion-damage relationships demonstrated that the relationships that are currently in use do not correlate well to the observed damage.

Lateral Structure Interaction With Seismic Waves

1971 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Scavuzzo ◽  
J. L. Bailey ◽  
D. D. Raftopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Half Space ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Elastic Half Space ◽  
Inertia Force ◽  
Ground Acceleration

The interaction of lateral structural inertia forces with horizontal seismic motion is formulated in terms of an integral equation of the Volterra type. By means of normal mode theory the inertia force at the base of the structure is expressed as a function of the foundation motion. After the motion of the two-dimensional elastic half space resulting from a uniform horizontal foundation force varying arbitrarily with time over a specified interval on the boundary of the half space has been determined, the interaction equation is derived. Numerical studies for two free-field acceleration inputs are made for different ground stiffnesses and structural characteristics. The first of these free-field inputs is a ramp sine function and the second is the east-west ground acceleration recorded at Golden Gate Park during the 1957 San Francisco earthquake. The interaction effects for structures similar to nuclear power plants prove to be significant.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification of lysin motif containing protein family genes in eight rosaceae species, and expression analysis in response to pathogenic fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea in Chinese white pear

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiming Chen ◽  
Qionghou Li ◽  
Xin Qiao ◽  
Hao Yin ◽  
Shaoling Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Rosaceae Species ◽  
Chinese White

Abstract Background Lysin motif-containing proteins (LYP), which act as pattern-recognition receptors, play central roles in growth, node formation, and responses to biotic stresses. The sequence of Chinese white pear genome (cv. ‘Dangshansuli’) along with the seven other species of Rosaceae has already been reported. Although, in these fruit crops, there is still a lack of clarity regarding the LYP family genes and their evolutionary history. Results In the existing study, eight Rosaceae species i.e., Pyrus communis, Prunus persica, Fragaria vesca, Pyrus bretschneideri, Prunus avium, Prunus mume, Rubus occidentalis, and Malus × domestica were evaluated. Here, we determined a total of 124 LYP genes from the underlined Rosaceae species. While eighteen of the genes were from Chinese white pear, named as PbrLYPs. According to the LYPs structural characteristics and their phylogenetic analysis, those genes were classified into eight groups (group LYK1, LYK2, LYK3, LYK4/5, LYM1/3, LYM2, NFP, and WAKL). Dispersed duplication and whole-genome duplication (WGD) were found to be the most contributing factors of LYP family expansion in the Rosaceae species. More than half of the duplicated PbrLYP gene pairs were dated back to the ancient WGD (~ 140 million years ago (MYA)), and PbrLYP genes have experienced long-term purifying selection. The transcriptomic results indicated that the PbrLYP genes expression was tissue-specific. Most PbrLYP genes showed differential expression in leaves under fungal pathogen infection with two of them located in the plasmalemma. Conclusion A comprehensive analysis identified 124 LYP genes in eight Rosaceae species. Our findings have provided insights into the functions and characteristics of the Rosaceae LYP genes and a guide for the identification of other candidate LYPs for further genetic improvements for pathogen-resistance in higher plants.

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