Ground Motion Intensity Measures for Liquefaction Hazard Evaluation

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Kramer ◽  
Robert A. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Excess Pore Pressure ◽  
Hazard Evaluation ◽  
Peak Acceleration ◽  
Intensity Measure ◽  
Arias Intensity ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Liquefaction Hazard

The requirements of performance-based earthquake engineering place increasing importance on the optimal characterization of earthquake ground motions. With respect to liquefaction hazard evaluation, ground motions have historically been characterized by a combination of peak acceleration and earthquake magnitude, and more recently by Arias intensity. This paper introduces a new ground motion intensity measure, CAV5, and shows that excess pore pressure generation in potentially liquefiable soils is considerably more closely related to CAV5 than to other intensity measures, including peak acceleration and Arias intensity. CAV5 is shown to be an efficient, sufficient, and predictable intensity measure for rock motions used as input to liquefaction hazard evaluations. An attenuation relationship for CAV5 is presented and used in an example that illustrates the benefits of scaling bedrock motions to a particular value of CAV5, rather than to the historical intensity measures, for performance-based evaluation of liquefaction hazards.

A spectral-acceleration-based combination-type earthquake intensity measure for high-rise stack-like structures

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1350-1366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yikun Qiu ◽  
Changdong Zhou ◽  
Siha A ◽  
Guangwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Spectral Acceleration ◽  
Intensity Measure ◽  
Earthquake Intensity ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Higher Modes ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Near Fault ◽  
Period Elongation

Ground motion intensity measures are of great importance for the seismic design of structures. A well-chosen intensity measure will reduce the detailed ground motion record selection effort for the nonlinear dynamic structural analyses. In this article, a spectral-acceleration-based combination-type earthquake intensity measure is presented. This intensity measure considers the higher modes effect and period elongation effect due to nonlinear deformation at the same time. The modal mass participation factors are determined to take weighting coefficients and the product of elastic first-mode period T1 and a constant C is expressed to represent the elongated period. Therefore, the proposed intensity measure is a combination of earthquake ground motion characteristics, elastic structural responses, higher modes participation, and the period elongation effect due to inelastic structural behaviors. Four three-dimensional models of reinforced concrete stack-like structures including a 240 m-high chimney, a 180 m-high chimney, a 120 m-high chimney, and a 42.3 m-high water tower are established and analyzed in ABAQUS to investigate the correlation between the intensity measure and the maximum curvatures under 44 far-field ground motions and 28 near-fault ground motions with a pulse-like effect. With the optimal vibration modes and the proper period elongation coefficient, the efficiency of the introduced intensity measure is compared with the other 15 intensity measures. The results indicate that the proposed intensity measure is believed to be a good choice for high-rise stack-like structures, especially under the near-fault ground motions with pulse-like effect.

Ground Motion Models for the Horizontal Components of Arias Intensity (AI) and Cumulative Absolute Velocity (CAV) Using the NGA-West2 Database

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 1289-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Campbell ◽  
Yousef Bozorgnia
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Absolute Velocity ◽  
Arias Intensity ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Motion Models ◽  
Cumulative Absolute Velocity ◽  
Ground Motion Models

We updated our Next Generation Attenuation (NGA)-West1 ground motion models (GMMs) for the horizontal components of Arias intensity (AI) and cumulative absolute velocity (CAV) using the functional form and NGA-West2 database we used to develop GMMs for peak-amplitude and peak-spectral ground motion intensity measures (GMIMs). Our results show that CAV has the best goodness-of-fit statistics of all the GMIMs we have evaluated up to this time. Its relatively small between- and within-event standard deviations confirm its superior predictability. On the other hand, AI has the highest standard deviation of any GMIM we have studied thus far, which is approximately double that of CAV. Although either CAV or AI or a combination of both have been shown to meet various performance metrics proposed in the context of performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE), CAV's high level of predictability makes it superior to AI for use in engineering applications, such as PBEE, that involve probabilistic inference.

Quantifying nuisance ground motion thresholds for induced earthquakes

2021 ◽  
pp. 875529302098802
Author(s):  
Ryan Schultz ◽  
Vince Quitoriano ◽  
David J Wald ◽  
Gregory C Beroza
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Induced Earthquakes ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Damage States

Hazards from induced earthquakes are a growing concern with a need for effective management. One aspect of that concern is the “nuisance” from unexpected ground motions, which have the potential to cause public alarm and discontent. In this article, we borrow earthquake engineering concepts to quantify the chance of building damage states and adapt them to quantify felt thresholds for induced earthquakes in the Central and Eastern United States. We compare binary data of felt or not-felt reports from the “Did You Feel It” database with ShakeMap ground motion intensity measures (IM) for ∼360 earthquakes. We use a Monte Carlo logistic regression to discern the likelihood of perceiving various degrees of felt intensity, given a particular IM. These best-fit nuisance functions are reported in this article and are readily transferable. Of the shaking types considered, we find that peak ground velocity tends to be the best predictor of a felt earthquake. We also find that felt thresholds tended to decrease with increasing earthquake magnitude, after M ∼3.9. We interpret this effect as related to the duration of the event, where events smaller than M 3.9 are perceived as “impulsive” to the human senses. Improved quantification of the nuisance from induced earthquake ground motions could be utilized in management of the public perception of their causal operations. Although aimed at anthropogenic earthquakes, thresholds we derive could be useful in other realms, such as establishing best practices and protocols for earthquake early warning.

Ground Motion Intensity Measures to Evaluate I: The Liquefaction Hazard in the Vicinity of Shallow-Founded Structures

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shideh Dashti ◽  
Zana Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Pore Pressure ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Excess Pore Pressure ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Liquefaction Hazard ◽  
Simplified Procedures

When evaluating the liquefaction hazard within a performance-based framework, whether using simplified procedures or advanced numerical tools, the hazard and its effects on structures need to be evaluated under a range of ground motions. Choice of an optimum intensity measure (IM) in the selection and scaling of ground motions will reduce variability in the predicted response, dependence on source characteristics, and uncertainty in the prediction of the IM. This paper presents the results of a numerical parametric study, validated against centrifuge results, to evaluate the influence of different IMs on the liquefaction hazard in the far-field and near shallow-founded structures. Pore pressure redistribution and soil-structure interaction were considered in estimating the liquefaction hazard in terms of peak excess pore pressure ratio ( r u,peak). The IMs at the base rock, far-field soil surface, and foundation with the best combination of efficiency, sufficiency, and predictability were evaluated and identified as: (1) pseudo-spectral acceleration at the site's initial fundamental period ( PSA Base[ T So]) for predicting r u,peak in the far-field; (2) peak ground acceleration, ( PGA Base); and Arias intensity ( AI Base) for predicting r u,peak under the foundation.

scholarly journals Analysis of correlation between structural response and ground motion intensity measures.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq Anwar Aquib ◽  
Jayalakshmi Sivasubramonian ◽  
Paul Martin Mai
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Epicentral Distance ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Plastic Hinge ◽  
Natural Period ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Engineering Demand Parameters

<p>Loss estimation for buildings that experienced earthquake shaking is an important step in Performance Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE), comprising four major components – seismic hazard, building response, probability of damage, and the costs incurred in losses and repair works. The implementation of PBEE strongly depends on the ability to predict Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs) that are usually defined in terms of maximum story drifts, plastic hinge rotations, and floor accelerations.</p><p>In this study, we compute building responses for large sets of recorded ground motions considering frames with different natural periods (0.1-1.5s). The ground motion data used in our analysis comprise near field records from moderate-to-large earthquakes; these may generate shaking levels high enough to be of concern for the design and safety of buildings. We select the frames by varying the number of storys and bays to obtain a wide range of natural building periods. We compute ground motion intensity measures (IM) from the recorded dataset and extract engineering demand parameters (EDP) from building response analyses. Our results indicate that the inter-story drift correlates strongly with spectral measures of ground motion intensity (correlation coefficient above 0.85). We also investigate the effect of natural period on the estimated correlations. We find that the correlations with spectral intensity measures do not strongly depend on Vs30 and epicentral distance. Our results are useful in the context of applied performance-based design of structures, especially if uncertainties in seismological parameters due to limited knowledge of source, site or path effects play an important role in earthquake ground motions.</p>

scholarly journals Simulation of non-stationary stochastic ground motions based on recent Italian earthquakes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Sabetta ◽  
Antonio Pugliese ◽  
Gabriele Fiorentino ◽  
Giovanni Lanzano ◽  
Lucia Luzi
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Stochastic Simulations ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Motion Model ◽  
Arias Intensity ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Ground Motion Model ◽  
Ground Motion Records

AbstractThis work presents an up-to-date model for the simulation of non-stationary ground motions, including several novelties compared to the original study of Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996). The selection of the input motion in the framework of earthquake engineering has become progressively more important with the growing use of nonlinear dynamic analyses. Regardless of the increasing availability of large strong motion databases, ground motion records are not always available for a given earthquake scenario and site condition, requiring the adoption of simulated time series. Among the different techniques for the generation of ground motion records, we focused on the methods based on stochastic simulations, considering the time- frequency decomposition of the seismic ground motion. We updated the non-stationary stochastic model initially developed in Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996) and later modified by Pousse et al. (Bull Seism Soc Am 96:2103–2117, 2006) and Laurendeau et al. (Nonstationary stochastic simulation of strong ground-motion time histories: application to the Japanese database. 15 WCEE Lisbon, 2012). The model is based on the S-transform that implicitly considers both the amplitude and frequency modulation. The four model parameters required for the simulation are: Arias intensity, significant duration, central frequency, and frequency bandwidth. They were obtained from an empirical ground motion model calibrated using the accelerometric records included in the updated Italian strong-motion database ITACA. The simulated accelerograms show a good match with the ground motion model prediction of several amplitude and frequency measures, such as Arias intensity, peak acceleration, peak velocity, Fourier spectra, and response spectra.

Conditioned Simulation of Ground-Motion Time Series at Uninstrumented Sites Using Gaussian Process Regression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidin Tamhidi ◽  
Nicolas Kuehn ◽  
S. Farid Ghahari ◽  
Arthur J. Rodgers ◽  
Monica D. Kohler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Gaussian Process ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Seismic Analysis ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Gaussian Process Regression ◽  
Motion Time

ABSTRACT Ground-motion time series are essential input data in seismic analysis and performance assessment of the built environment. Because instruments to record free-field ground motions are generally sparse, methods are needed to estimate motions at locations with no available ground-motion recording instrumentation. In this study, given a set of observed motions, ground-motion time series at target sites are constructed using a Gaussian process regression (GPR) approach, which treats the real and imaginary parts of the Fourier spectrum as random Gaussian variables. Model training, verification, and applicability studies are carried out using the physics-based simulated ground motions of the 1906 Mw 7.9 San Francisco earthquake and Mw 7.0 Hayward fault scenario earthquake in northern California. The method’s performance is further evaluated using the 2019 Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake ground motions recorded by the Community Seismic Network stations located in southern California. These evaluations indicate that the trained GPR model is able to adequately estimate the ground-motion time series for frequency ranges that are pertinent for most earthquake engineering applications. The trained GPR model exhibits proper performance in predicting the long-period content of the ground motions as well as directivity pulses.

scholarly journals Seismic hazard evaluation

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Somerville
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Earthquake Source ◽  
Hazard Evaluation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Motion Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ground Motion Models

This paper reviews concepts and trends in seismic hazard characterization that have emerged in the past decade, and identifies trends and concepts that are anticipated during the coming decade. New methods have been developed for characterizing potential earthquake sources that use geological and geodetic data in conjunction with historical seismicity data. Scaling relationships among earthquake source parameters have been developed to provide a more detailed representation of the earthquake source for ground motion prediction. Improved empirical ground motion models have been derived from a strong motion data set that has grown markedly over the past decade. However, these empirical models have a large degree of uncertainty because the magnitude - distance - soil category parameterization of these models often oversimplifies reality. This reflects the fact that other conditions that are known to have an important influence on strong ground motions, such as near- fault rupture directivity effects, crustal waveguide effects, and basin response effects, are not treated as parameters of these simple models. Numerical ground motion models based on seismological theory that include these additional effects have been developed and extensively validated against recorded ground motions, and used to estimate the ground motions of past earthquakes and predict the ground motions of future scenario earthquakes. The probabilistic approach to characterizing the ground motion that a given site will experience in the future is very compatible with current trends in earthquake engineering and the development of building codes. Performance based design requires a more comprehensive representation of ground motions than has conventionally been used. Ground motions estimates are needed at multiple annual probability levels, and may need to be specified not only by response spectra but also by suites of strong motion time histories for input into time-domain non-linear analyses of structures.

scholarly journals Ground motion models for Arias intensity, cumulative absolute velocity, peak incremental ground velocity, and significant duration in New Zealand

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zach Bullock
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ground Motion ◽  
Absolute Velocity ◽  
Taupo Volcanic Zone ◽  
Arias Intensity ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Motion Models ◽  
Cumulative Absolute Velocity ◽  
Functional Forms ◽  
Ground Motion Models

This study proposes empirical ground motion models for a variety of non-spectral intensity measures and significant durations in New Zealand. Equations are presented for the prediction of the median and maximum rotated components of Arias intensity, cumulative absolute velocity, cumulative absolute velocity above a 5 cm/s2 acceleration threshold, peak incremental ground velocity, and the 5% to 75% and 5% to 95% significant durations. Recent research has highlighted the usefulness of these parameters in both structural and geotechnical engineering. The New Zealand Strong Motion Database provides the database for regression and includes many earthquakes from all regions of New Zealand with the exceptions of Auckland and Northland, Otago and Southland, and Taranaki. The functional forms for the proposed models are selected using cross validation. The possible influence of effects not typically included in ground motion models for these intensity measures is considered, such as hanging wall effects and basin depth effects, as well as altered attenuation in the Taupo Volcanic Zone. The selected functional forms include magnitude and rupture depth scaling, attenuation with distance, and shallow site effects. Finally, the spatial autocorrelation of the models’ within-event residuals is considered and recommendations are made for developing correlated maps of intensity predictions stochastically.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document