Analysis of Damage to Steel Gas Pipelines Caused by Ground Shaking Effects during the Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1095-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Hwang ◽  
Yi-Huei Chiu ◽  
Wei-Yao Chen ◽  
Ban-Jwu Shih
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Arias Intensity ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Taiwan Earthquake ◽  
Vulnerability Functions

This paper presents an investigation on damage to natural gas pipelines in Taichung City from the Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake. This paper addresses damage due to ground shaking effects and does not address damage due to large ground deformations. Four parameters, that is, peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, Arias intensity, and spectral intensity, are used to represent ground shaking. Based on pipe repair data and recorded strong motion data, regression analyses of pipe repair rates were carried out to develop seismic vulnerability functions. From the regression analysis results, Arias intensity is considered as the best parameter for the derivation of seismic vulnerability function. The seismic vulnerability functions derived in this study are for steel gas pipelines with mechanical joints and the pipelines are located in firm soils and in the footwall area subject to ground shaking from an earthquake caused by a thrust fault.

Nonlinear Site Effects from the 30 November 2018 Anchorage, Alaska, Earthquake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Thornley ◽  
Utpal Dutta ◽  
John Douglas ◽  
Zhaohui (Joey) Yang
Keyword(s):  
Site Response ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
North American Plate ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Reference Station ◽  
Earthquake Hazards ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Nonlinear Site Response ◽  
Generalized Inversion Technique ◽  
Versus Peak

ABSTRACT Anchorage, Alaska, is a natural laboratory for recording strong ground motions from a variety of earthquake sources. The city is situated in a tectonic region that includes the interface and intraslab earthquakes related to the subducting Pacific plate and crustal earthquakes from the upper North American plate. The generalized inversion technique was used with a local rock reference station to develop site response at >20 strong-motion stations in Anchorage. A database of 94 events recorded at these sites from 2005 to 2019 was also compiled and processed to compare their site response with those in the 2018 Mw 7.1 event (main event). The database is divided into three datasets, including 75 events prior to the main event, the main event, and 19 aftershocks. The stations were subdivided into the site classes defined in the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program based on estimated average shear-wave velocity in of the upper 30 m (VS30), and site-response results from the datasets were compared. Nonlinear site response was observed at class D and DE sites (VS30 of 215–300 and 150–215  m/s, respectively) but not at class CD and C sites (VS30 of 300–440 and 440–640  m/s, respectively). The relationship of peak ground acceleration versus peak ground velocity divided by VS30 (shear-strain proxy) was shown to further support the observation that sites with lower VS30 experienced nonlinear site response.

scholarly journals ShakeMaps during the Emilia sequence

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentino Lauciani ◽  
Licia Faenza ◽  
Alberto Michelini
Keyword(s):  
Software Package ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Peak Ground Motion ◽  
Emilia Romagna Region ◽  
Fully Automatic ◽  
Definition Of

<p>ShakeMap is a software package that can be used to generate maps of ground shaking for various peak ground motion (PGM) parameters, including peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity, and spectral acceleration response at 0.3 s, 1.0 s and 3.0 s, and instrumentally derived intensities. ShakeMap has been implemented in Italy at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV; National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology) since 2006 (http://shakemap.rm.ingv.it), with the primary aim being to help the Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC; Civil Protection Department) civil defense agency in the definition of rapid and accurate information on where earthquake damage is located, to correctly direct rescue teams and to organize emergency responses. Based on the ShakeMap software package [Wald et al. 1999, Worden et al. 2010], which was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the INGV is constructing shake maps for Ml ≥3.0, with the adoption of a fully automatic procedure based on manually revised locations and magnitudes [Michelini et al. 2008]. The focus of this study is the description of the progressive generation of these shake maps for the sequence that struck the Emilia-Romagna Region in May 2012. […]</p><br />

scholarly journals Uncertainties in attenuation relations for New Zealand seismic hazard analysis

1986 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. McVerry
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Response Spectrum ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Seismic Hazard Analysis ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Attenuation Relations ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Acceleration Data

Probabilistic techniques for seismic hazard analysis have
come into vogue in New Zealand for both the assessment of major projects and the development and review of seismic design codes. However, there are considerable uncertainties in the modelling
 of the strong-motion attenuation, which is necessarily based largely on overseas data. An excellent agreement is obtained between an average 5% damped response spectrum for New Zealand alluvial sites in the 20 to 59 km distance range and 5.4 to 6.0 magnitude class and that given by a Japanese model. Unfortunately, this corresponds to only about half the amplitude levels of 150 year spectra relevant to code design. The much more rapid decay
of ground shaking with distance in New Zealand has led to a considerable modification based on maximum ground acceleration
data from the Inangahua earthquake of the distance-dependence
of the Japanese response spectra model. Less scatter in New Zealand data has resulted in adopting a lower standard deviation for the attenuation model, which is important in reducing the considerable "probabilistic enhancement" of the hazard estimates. Regional differences in attenuation shown by intensities are difficult to resolve from the strong-motion acceleration data, apart from lower accelerations in Fiordland.

scholarly journals New Ground Motion to Intensity Conversion Equations for China

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Xiufeng Tian ◽  
Zengping Wen ◽  
Weidong Zhang ◽  
Jie Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Correction Term ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
Hypocentral Distance ◽  
Peak Ground Motion ◽  
Pseudo Spectral

In this study, we use the strong motion records and seismic intensity data from 11 moderate-to-strong earthquakes in the mainland of China since 2008 to develop new conversion equations between seismic intensity and peak ground motion parameters. Based on the analysis of the distribution of the dataset, the reversible conversion relationships between modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) and peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and pseudo-spectral acceleration (PSA) at natural vibration periods of 0.3 s, 1.0 s, 2.0 s, and 3.0 s are obtained by using the orthogonal regression. The influence of moment magnitude, hypocentral distance, and hypocentral depth on the residuals of conversion equations is also explored. To account for and eliminate the trends in the residuals, we introduce a magnitude-distance-depth correction term and obtain the improved relationships. Furthermore, we compare the results of this study with previously published works and analyze the regional dependence of conversion equations. To quantify the regional variations, a regional correction factor for China, suitable for adjustment of global relationships, has also been estimated.

scholarly journals Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment in Greece – Part 1: Engineering ground motion parameters

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
G-A. Tselentis ◽  
L. Danciu
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Peak Ground Acceleration ◽  
Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽  
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard ◽  
Arias Intensity ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Cumulative Absolute Velocity

Abstract. Seismic hazard assessment represents a basic tool for rational planning and designing in seismic prone areas. In the present study, a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment in terms of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, Arias intensity and cumulative absolute velocity computed with a 0.05 g acceleration threshold, has been carried out for Greece. The output of the hazard computation produced probabilistic hazard maps for all the above parameters estimated for a fixed return period of 475 years. From these maps the estimated values are reported for 52 Greek municipalities. Additionally, we have obtained a set of probabilistic maps of engineering significance: a probabilistic macroseismic intensity map, depicting the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale obtained from the estimated peak ground velocity and a probabilistic seismic-landslide map based on a simplified conversion of the estimated Arias intensity and peak ground acceleration into Newmark's displacement.

A Quantitative Basis for Building Instrumentation Specifications

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek A. Skolnik ◽  
Robert L. Nigbor ◽  
John W. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Rate System ◽  
Intensity Measures ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Structural Responses ◽  
High Pass

A quantitative basis for key building instrumentation specifications—namely, sample rate, system resolution, and time synchronization—is established by quantifying the sensitivities of engineering demand parameters of peak floor acceleration and peak interstory drift to the errors associated with data acquisition. Details of the realistic simulation and digitization of structural responses are provided and automation of the seemingly signal-dependent procedure of high-pass digital filtering of relative displacements obtained by double numerical integration of accelerations is presented. Results from these studies, along with prior results from similar sensitivity analyses with respect to intensity measures of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and peak spectral acceleration, are used to recommend potential updates to structural instrumentation specifications of major strong-motion instrumentation programs.

scholarly journals Characteristics of strong ground motion attenuation in the 2019 Mw 5.8 Changning earthquake, Sichuan, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Hu ◽  
H. Zhang ◽  
J. B. Zhu ◽  
G. H. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Ground Motions ◽  
Response Spectra ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Arias Intensity ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Motion Models ◽  
Ground Motion Attenuation ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Strong Ground

AbstractA moderate magnitude earthquake with Mw 5.8 occurred on June 17, 2019, in Changning County, Sichuan Province, China, causing 13 deaths, 226 injuries, and serious engineering damage. This earthquake induced heavier damage than earthquakes of similar magnitude. To explain this phenomenon in terms of ground motion characteristics, based on 58 sets of strong ground motions in this earthquake, the peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), acceleration response spectra (Sa), duration, and Arias intensity are analyzed. The results show that the PGA, PGV, and Sa are larger than the predicted values from some global ground motion models. The between-event residuals reveal that the source effects on the intermediate-period and long-period ground motions are stronger than those on short-period ground motions. Comparison of Arias intensity attenuation with the global models indicates that the energy of ground motions of the Changning earthquake is larger than those of earthquakes with the same magnitude.

A Seismic Intensity Survey of the 16 April 2016 Mw 7.8 Pedernales, Ecuador, Earthquake: A Comparison with Strong-Motion Data and Teleseismic Backprojection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Smith ◽  
Walter D. Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Crustal Earthquakes ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Large Earthquakes

Abstract We conducted a seismic intensity survey in Ecuador, following the 16 April 2016 Mw 7.8 Pedernales earthquake, to document the level of damage caused by the earthquake. Our modified Mercalli intensities (MMIs) reach a maximum value of VIII along the coast, where single, two, and multistory masonry and concrete designed buildings partially or completely collapsed. The contours of our MMI maps are similar in shape to the contour maps of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground velocity (PGV). A comparison of our seismic intensities with the recorded PGA and PGV values reveals that our MMI values are lower than predicted by ground-motion intensity conversion equations that are based on shallow crustal earthquakes. The image of the earthquake rupture obtained using teleseismic backprojection at 0.5–2.0 Hz is coincident with the region of maximum MMI, PGA, and PGV values, Thus, rapid calculation of backprojection may be a useful tool for guiding the deployment of emergency response teams following large earthquakes. The most severe damage observed was, primarily, due to a combination of poorly constructed buildings and site conditions.

Ground Motion from Mw 1.5 to 3.9 Aftershocks of the 2014 Mw 6.2 Jinggu Earthquake at Hypocentral Distances < 45 km in Yunnan, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengyao Sun ◽  
Huiyu Zhu ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Haohuan Fu ◽  
Xiao Tian
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Spectral Ratio ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Induced Earthquakes ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Hypocentral Distance ◽  
Fundamental Frequencies

ABSTRACT The ground motion from small aftershocks of the 2014 Mw 6.2 Jinggu earthquake in Yunnan Province is analyzed. With the seismic records, we assess the site conditions and develop a ground‐motion prediction equation (GMPE) for this region. The strong‐motion duration is also calculated to further understand the potential seismic hazard to nearby structures. The dataset includes 504 events with Mw 1.5–3.9 and 2956 three‐component records at hypocentral distances <45  km from 10 stations operated by the Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province. The ground‐motion amplification factor derived from the horizontal‐to‐vertical (H/V) spectral ratio of each station ranges from 1.1 to 5.2 (0.04–0.72 in log units). The time‐averaged shear‐wave velocity to 30 m depth (VS30) for seismographic stations is estimated using fundamental frequencies associated with peak H/V ratios. GMPE is obtained using the entire dataset. The values of the geometrical spreading coefficient for the pseudoabsolute response spectral acceleration (PSA) at a frequency of 10 Hz suggest higher decay than those for the peak ground velocity, peak ground acceleration (PGA), and PSA at other frequencies. The significant duration (Ds) of strong ground motion systematically decreases with PGA but increases with hypocentral distance. However, no strong correlation is observed for Ds and magnitude or for Ds and VS30. The results of this study are compared with analogous research (Babaie Mahani and Kao, 2018) on induced earthquakes with the same distance–magnitude range. The comparison indicates that the decay of ground‐motion amplitudes with hypocentral distance in our case is generally lower than that in the other study. The Ds trends are consistent in the two studies, although the longest strong‐motion duration in the two cases apparently differs.

Uncertainty and Correlation in Seismic Vulnerability Functions of Building Classes

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1515-1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Silva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Loss Ratio ◽  
Deterministic Approach ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Statistical Framework ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vulnerability Functions

The majority of the existing seismic risk studies use a deterministic approach to define vulnerability functions, despite the well-recognized large variability in the probability of loss ratio conditional on ground-shaking intensities. This study explored a statistical framework to simulate this variability, considering the existing correlation between assets separated by a given distance. The impact that these vulnerability modeling approaches may have in probabilistic seismic risk assessment is evaluated considering three fictitious building portfolios with distinct characteristics. To this end, loss exceedance curves and average annualized losses are compared, and recommendations are drawn regarding the optimal vulnerability modeling approach.

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