Seismic Evaluation of Low-Rise Reinforced Masonry Buildings with Flexible Diaphragms: I. Seismic and Quasi-Static Testing

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Cohen ◽  
Richard E. Klingner ◽  
John R. Hayes ◽  
Steven C. Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Shear Walls ◽  
The United States ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Static Testing ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
Shaking Table Testing

This and a companion paper compare the results from shaking-table testing, quasi-static testing, and analytical predictions, to provide a coherent description of the seismic response of low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible roof diaphragms. Two half-scale, low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible roof diaphragms are subjected to earthquake ground motions on the Tri-axial Earthquake and Shock Simulator at the United States Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center. Following the shaking-table tests, diaphragms and top four courses of attached masonry walls are salvaged from the half-scale structures and tested quasi-statically in their own plane. In contrast to what is usually assumed in design, the half-scale specimens do not behave as systems with a single degree of freedom associated with the in-plane response of the shear walls, but rather a system with a dominant degree of freedom associated with the in-plane response of the roof diaphragm. A new index describing the potential for diaphragm damage is introduced, the diaphragm drift ratio. A companion paper, Part II: Analytical Modeling, presents analytical work intended to corroborate and extend results from experimental testing.

Seismic Evaluation of Low-Rise Reinforced Masonry Buildings with Flexible Diaphragms: II. Analytical Modeling

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Cohen ◽  
Richard E. Klingner ◽  
John R. Hayes ◽  
Steven C. Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Modeling ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Seismic Evaluation ◽  
Static Testing ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
Shaking Table Testing ◽  
Flexible Diaphragms

This and a companion paper compare the results from shaking-table testing, quasi-static testing, and analytical predictions to provide a coherent description of the seismic response of low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible roof diaphragms. This paper presents the development, implementation, and results of coordinated analytical modeling intended to corroborate and extend the results of experimental work discussed in a companion paper, Part I: Seismic and Quasi-Static Testing, and more important, examine the efficacy and accuracy of different analytical modeling approaches. Specifically, linear elastic finite-element models, simplified two-degree-of-freedom models, and nonlinear lumped-parameter models are created and all agree well with measured responses. Based on these, a simple design tool for the analysis of low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible diaphragms is developed and verified.

Seismic Evaluation of Low-Rise Reinforced Masonry Buildings with Flexible Diaphragms: III. Synthesis and Application

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Cohen ◽  
Richard E. Klingner ◽  
John R. Hayes ◽  
Steven C. Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Analytical Modeling ◽  
Seismic Analysis ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Seismic Evaluation ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
Shaking Table Testing ◽  
Flexible Diaphragms

This paper outlines the last two phases of a joint research study performed by the University of Texas at Austin and the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center (CERL). The study coordinates and synthesizes experimental testing, analytical modeling, practical implementation, and real-world application to enhance FEMA-310, the predominant seismic evaluation methodology for low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible diaphragms. In earlier phases of study, conclusions from shaking-table testing, quasi-static testing, and analytical modeling were used to develop a simple tool for the seismic analysis of these types of buildings. In this paper, the tool is developed in the context of performance-based earthquake engineering into a supplementary evaluation methodology intended to fill a gap in FEMA-310. The tool is applied to four existing buildings and ultimately shown to be simple, useful, and necessary.

Displacement-Based Seismic Assessment of Low-Height Confined Masonry Buildings

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amador Terán-Gilmore ◽  
Oscar Zuñiga-Cuevas ◽  
Jorge Ruiz-García
Keyword(s):  
Pushover Analysis ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Seismic Assessment ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Evaluation Procedure ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Confined Masonry ◽  
Shaking Table Testing ◽  
Displacement Based ◽  
Global And Local

This paper presents a practical displacement-based evaluation procedure for the seismic assessment of low-height regular confined masonry buildings. First, the so-called Coefficient Method established in several FEMA documents is adapted to obtain rapid estimates of inelastic roof displacement demands for regular confined masonry buildings. For that purpose, a statistical study of constant relative strength inelastic displacement ratios of single-degree-of-freedom systems representing confined masonry buildings is carried out. Second, a nonlinear simplified model is introduced to perform pushover analysis of regular confined masonry buildings whose global and local behavior is dominated by shear deformations in the masonry walls. The model, which can be applied through the use of commercial software, can be used to establish the capacity curve of such buildings. Finally, the evaluation procedure is applied to a three-story building tested at a shaking table testing facility.

Experimental investigation on the seismic performance of masonry buildings using shaking table testing

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1157-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo B. Lourenço ◽  
Leonardo Avila ◽  
Graça Vasconcelos ◽  
J.Pedro Pedro Alves ◽  
Nuno Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Shaking Table Testing

Effects of Scale and Loading Rate with Tests of Concrete and Masonry Structures

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Abrams
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Masonry Building ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Frame ◽  
Concrete Frame ◽  
Static Testing ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Reduced Scale

Static and dynamic response of large-scale and reduced-scale test structures are correlated to discern effects attributable to scale and loading rate. Three case studies are presented where reduced-scale models were subjected to dynamic excitation using a shaking table. The test structures were: (a) multi-story reinforced masonry building systems, (b) two-story unreinforced masonry bearing and shear wall systems, and (c) ten-story reinforced concrete frame-wall systems. For each study, static testing of either critical components, or of the complete structural system, was done at a large scale to examine differences attributable to the modeling method, or to the loading procedure.

A History of Reinforced Masonry Construction Designed to Resist Earthquakes: 1755-1907

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Tobriner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Long Beach ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
History Of

Although the reinforcement of masonry buildings against earthquake damage was known as early as 1755, it only came of age in the United States in the late 1930s. This survey, which includes antiseismic construction systems dating from 1755, 1783, 1784, 1854, 1870, 1872, 1906 and 1907 illustrates how common sense solutions for the reinforcement of masonry buildings had already been invented and used long before the Long Beach earthquake in 1933 which stimulated modern reinforcement research.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation into the Seismic Performance of Prefabricated Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls with Vertical Joint Connections

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4421
Author(s):  
Zhiming Zhang ◽  
Fenglai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Shear Walls ◽  
Construction Method ◽  
Shear Capacity ◽  
Initial Stiffness ◽  
Equivalent Viscous Damping ◽  
Displacement Ductility ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
Cracking Performance

In this study, four single-story reinforced masonry shear walls (RMSWs) (two prefabricated and two cast-in-place) under reversed cyclic loading were tested to evaluate their seismic performance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the shear behavior of RMSWs with flanges at the wall ends as well as the effect of construction method. The test results showed that all specimens had a similar failure mode with diagonal cracking. However, the crack distribution was strongly influenced by the construction method. The lateral capacity of the prefabricated walls was 12% and 27% higher than that of the corresponding cast-in-place walls with respect to the rectangular and T-shaped cross sections. The prefabricated walls showed better post-cracking performance than did the cast-in-place wall. The secant stiffness of all the walls decreased rapidly to approximately 63% of the initial stiffness when the first major diagonal crack was observed. The idealized equivalent elastic-plastic system showed that the prefabricated walls had a greater displacement ductility of 3.2–4.8 than that of the cast-in-place walls with a displacement ductility value of 2.3–2.7. This proved that the vertical joints in prefabricated RMSWs enhanced the seismic performance of walls in shear capacity and ductility. In addition, the equivalent viscous damping of the specimens ranged from 0.13 to 0.26 for prefabricated and cast-in-place walls, respectively.

TREMOR: A Wireless MEMS Accelerograph for Dense Arrays

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Evans ◽  
Robert H. Hamstra ◽  
Christoph Kündig ◽  
Patrick Camina ◽  
John A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Wireless Internet ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Strong Motion Network

The ability of a strong-motion network to resolve wavefields can be described on three axes: frequency, amplitude, and space. While the need for spatial resolution is apparent, for practical reasons that axis is often neglected. TREMOR is a MEMS-based accelerograph using wireless Internet to minimize lifecycle cost. TREMOR instruments can economically augment traditional ones, residing between them to improve spatial resolution. The TREMOR instrument described here has dynamic range of 96 dB between ±2 g, or 102 dB between ±4 g. It is linear to <1% of full scale (FS), with a response function effectively shaped electronically. We developed an economical, very low noise, accurate (<1%FS) temperature compensation method. Displacement is easily recovered to 10-cm accuracy at full bandwidth, and better with care. We deployed prototype instruments in Oakland, California, beginning in 1998, with 13 now at mean spacing of ∼3 km—one of the most densely instrumented urban centers in the United States. This array is among the quickest in returning (PGA, PGV, Sa) vectors to ShakeMap, ∼75 to 100 s. Some 13 events have been recorded. A ShakeMap and an example of spatial variability are shown. Extensive tests of the prototypes for a commercial instrument are described here and in a companion paper.

Failure mechanism of steel arch trusses: Shaking table testing and FEM analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 186-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing-Hua Han ◽  
Ying Xu ◽  
Yan Lu ◽  
Jie Xu ◽  
Qiu-Hong Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Fem Analysis ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Shaking Table Testing
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