scholarly journals Enduring Lessons and Opportunities Lost from the San Fernando Earthquake of February 9, 1971

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Earthquake Hazards ◽  
The Status ◽  
Future Earthquake ◽  
San Fernando ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

Twenty-five years have passed since the San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971. The paper reviews the lessons learned and not learned from this notable event. Most of the major lessons were reported within a few weeks of the earthquake by a panel appointed by the National Academies of Sciences and of Engineering. In this paper, the status of each of the eighteen general lessons cited by the panel is reviewed, plus two additional lessons selected from other studies of the earthquake. The lessons learned ranged broadly and concerned measures needed to reduce future earthquake hazards, as well as recommended scientific and engineering efforts. Although all of the lessons learned were not heeded, the San Fernando earthquake represented a turning point in public awareness and in actions taken to reduce earthquake hazard. Recent earthquakes have shown, however, that much remains to be done.

Contemporary deformation and earthquake hazard of the Capital Circle of China inferred from GPS Measurements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaogang Wei ◽  
Xiwei Xu ◽  
Tuo Shen ◽  
Xiaoqiong Lei
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Tectonic Stress ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Earthquake Hazards ◽  
Seismic Belt ◽  
Fault Plane Solutions ◽  
The North ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

<p>The Capital Circle (CC) is a region with high risk of great damaging earthquake hazards. In our present study, by using a subset of rigorously GPS data around the North China Plain (NCP), med-small recent earthquakes data and focal mechanism of high earthquakes data covering its surrounding regions, the following major conclusions have been reached: (a) Driven by the deformation force associated with both eastward and westward motion, with respect to the NCP, of the rigid South China and the rigid Amurian block, widespread sinistral shear appear over the NCP, which results in clusters of parallel NNE-trending faults with predominant right-lateral strike-slips via bookshelf faulting within the interior of the NCP. (b) Fault plane solutions of recent earthquakes show that tectonic stress field in the NCP demonstrate overwhelming NE-ENE direction of the maximum horizontal principal stress, and that almost all great historical earthquakes in the NCP occurred along the NWW-trending Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic belt and the NNE-trending Tangshan-Hejian-Cixian seismic belt. Additionally, We propose a simple conceptual model for inter-seismic deformation associated with the Capital Circle, which might suggest that two seismic gaps are located on the middle part of Tangshan-Hejian-Cixian fault seismic belt (Tianjin-Hejian segment) and the northeast part of Tanlu seismic belt (Anqiu segment), and constitute as, in our opinion, high risk areas prone to great earthquakes.</p>

Forest Management In Mongolia – A Review Of Challenges And Lessons Learned With Special Reference To Degradation And Deforestation

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Gradel ◽  
Gerelbaatar Sukhbaatar ◽  
Daniel Karthe ◽  
Hoduck Kang
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Driven System ◽  
The Status

The natural conditions, climate change and socio-economic challenges related to the transformation from a socialistic society towards a market-driven system make the implementation of sustainable land management practices in Mongolia especially complicated. Forests play an important role in land management. In addition to providing resources and ecosystem functions, Mongolian forests protect against land degradation.We conducted a literature review of the status of forest management in Mongolia and lessons learned, with special consideration to halting deforestation and degradation. We grouped our review into seven challenges relevant to developing regionally adapted forest management systems that both safeguard forest health and consider socio-economic needs. In our review, we found that current forest management in Mongolia is not always sustainable, and that some practices lack scientific grounding. An overwhelming number of sources noticed a decrease in forest area and quality during the last decades, although afforestation initiatives are reported to have increased. We found that they have had, with few exceptions, only limited success. During our review, however, we found a number of case studies that presented or proposed promising approaches to (re-)establishing and managing forests. These studies are further supported by a body of literature that examines how forest administration, and local participation can be modified to better support sustainable forestry. Based on our review, we conclude that it is necessary to integrate capacity development and forest research into holistic initiatives. A special focus should be given to the linkages between vegetation cover and the hydrological regime.

scholarly journals Investigating Health Communication Interventions on Three Major Illnesses in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Chinwe Catherine Okpoko ◽  
Elias Chikee Aniwada
Keyword(s):  
Health Communication ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Treatment Change ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
The Status ◽  
Communication Interventions ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Communication methods are used to create and increase public awareness of a disease; its causes and treatment; change a person’s or group’s attitudes about a disease; advocate for policy changes in favor of prevention and control, and create social norms that favor healthful living. Objectives: This study sought to examine the health communication interventions so far used on HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB in Nigeria, find out what has been achieved in the process and suggest how the status quocan be improved. Methods: A total of 390 respondents comprising healthcare providers, patients and the general public in the selected states; Enugu (Southeast), Kaduna (Northwest) and Oyo (Southwest) states in Nigeria were sampled using questionnaire. It was a Cross-sectional study. Results: Health communication interventions on HIV/AIDS are majorly received through radio (34.7%), friends (30.1%) and television (18.85%). For malaria, television and radio predominate (31.9%) and (26.7%) respectively, then newspaper (13.1%). However, TB was chiefly through health facilities (30.1%) then television (20.1%) and newspaper, (12.9%). Major types of intervention messages on the illnesses include HIV/AIDS Preventive (76.6%), Malaria Drug use (37.3%) and Tuberculosis control (38.8%). Lack of knowledge of available media was the major factor identified as hindering communication interventions for the 3 diseases. (HIV/AIDS 29.8%, Malaria 32.6% and TB 35.7%). Conclusion: There is a need for attitudinal change by all to ensure that the level of awareness is matched with action and subsequently influence the adoption of intervention measures to improve management of these diseases.

Unfinished Business

2018 ◽  
pp. 213-236
Author(s):  
Natalie G. Adams ◽  
James H. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Black Parents ◽  
Unfinished Business ◽  
Student Government ◽  
Informal Curriculum ◽  
The Status ◽  
Different Parts

This concluding chapter summarizes the lessons learned from studying the stories of school desegregation in Mississippi. In organizing the book with separate chapters on black parents, superintendents, principals, and teachers, this study hoped to capture the nuances of how school desegregation was accomplished, fought for, resisted, and doomed in differing ways in different parts of the state. The inclusion of the role of sports, band, the prom, cheerleading, and student government during the school desegregation process is a reminder that educational reformers cannot ignore the importance of the informal curriculum, the hidden curriculum, and the extracurricular of schools. Meanwhile, the chapters on protests and private schools illustrate two primary ways in which people responded to this monumental cultural change that threatened the status quo: they resisted in various ways through conventional methods of protest, and they formed a countermovement that sought to retain the tribalism to which they clung and around which their identities were built.

Consumer Behavior Perspective for Fairness Creams

2014 ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Yasser Mahfooz ◽  
Faisal Mahfooz
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
General Population ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Product Line ◽  
The Status ◽  
Fair Skin

The market for fairness creams around the globe was an untouched territory till mid-1970s. No cream was available which could claim an effect on the fairness of skin. The first product for this market was Fair & Lovely (Fair & Lovely) by Hindustan Unilever Ltd (Hindustan Unilever Ltd.:HUL) which was launched in India in 1975. It was a turning point for the fairness cream business and several companies followed soon. Fair & Lovely didn’t take much time to become a household name with more and more women putting their trust in the product for giving them the much needed fair skin they always desired. A product which started as another addition to the product line, acquired the status of a super brand by 2004. It became a part of the customer’s persona. In a society where the general population is genetically brown in skin color, yet has resentment to it; fair color of skin is an obsession and is equated with beauty, happiness and success. This craze for fair skin is marketed aggressively and a range of products are available in the market, which gratify the likes of teenagers as well as grown women. The following case on the product Fair & Lovely gives a background of the market for fairness creams in India and focuses on different aspects of behavior of women as consumers of this product.

scholarly journals Agronomic Biofortification of Zinc in Pakistan: Status, Benefits, and Constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Aman Ullah ◽  
Faisal Nadeem ◽  
Seon Young Im ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
The Status ◽  
Zinc Fertilizer ◽  
Research Initiatives ◽  
Agronomic Biofortification

Micronutrient malnutrition (e.g., zinc) is one of the major causes of human disease burden in the developing world. Zinc (Zn) deficiency is highly prevalent in the Pakistani population (22.1%), particularly in women and children (under 5 years) due to low dietary Zn intake. In Pakistan, wheat is the primary staple food and is poor in bioavailable Zn. However, the number of malnourished populations has decreased over the last decade due to multiplied public awareness, accelerated use of Zn fertilizers (particularly in wheat and rice), initiation of several national/international research initiatives focusing on Zn biofortification in staple crops and availability of supplements and Zn fortified meals merchandise, nonetheless a large number of people are facing Zn or other micronutrient deficiencies in the country. There are few reports highlighting the significant increase in daily dietary Zn uptake in population consuming biofortified wheat (Zincol-2016) flour; indicating the positive prospect of biofortification interventions up scaling in lowering the risk of dietary Zn deficiency in rural and marginalized communities. Zinc fertilizer strategy has not only helped in enhancing the grain Zn concentration, but it also helped in improving crop yield with high economic return. In addition, Zn biofortified seeds have exhibited strong inherent ability to withstand abiotic stresses and produce higher grain yield under diverse climatic conditions. However, there are many constraints (soil, environment, genetic diversity, antinutrients concentration, socioeconomic factors etc.) that hinder the success of biofortification interventions. This review highlights the status of Zn deficiency in Pakistan, the success of agronomic and genetic biofortification interventions. It also discusses the economics of agronomic biofortification and cost effectiveness of Zn fertilization in field conditions in Pakistan and the potential of Zn biofortified seeds against abiotic stresses. Furthermore, it also highlights the constraints which limit the sustainability of biofortification interventions.

Diversity and prevalence of gut parasites in urban macaques

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Bikram Sapkota ◽  
Roshan Babu Adhikari ◽  
Ganga Ram Regmi ◽  
Bishnu Prasad Bhattarai ◽  
Tirth Raj Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Potassium Dichromate Solution ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
The Status

Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are commonly found to inhabit various religious sites and cities in Nepal. Similar to other nonhuman primates, they are also the natural or reservoir host of several gut parasites. However, the status of gut parasitism, particularly in the urban dweller macaques, remains largely unexplored in the country. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and diversity of gut parasites in the monkeys inhabiting Bajrabarahee, an urban temple area in Lalitpur District, Nepal. A total of 42 fresh fecal samples of macaques belonging to five different troops, were collected and preserved in 2.5% (w/v) potassium dichromate solution. The fecal samples were processed by direct wet mount, concentration, and acid-fast techniques and examined under an optical microscope. All the fecal samples were positive with gut parasites. The parasites detected were Ascarid spp., Balantidium coli, Cryptosporidium sp., Eimeria sp., Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba spp., Giardia sp., hookworm, Strongyloides sp., Strongylid spp., Trichomonas sp., and Trichuris sp. Cent percent prevalence rate and high species richness with 12 parasites may indicate that they have impact on the gut health of these monkeys. This suggests the need of deworming the macaque population and enhancing public awareness for pro-active control of parasitic infection as well as of adopting the preventive measures to lessen the zoonotic transmission of the pathogenic parasites.

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