Impacts of the Los Angeles Retrofit Ordinance on Residential Buildings

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Comerio
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Earthquake Hazards ◽  
The City ◽  
Rent Increase ◽  
Housing Units

The Los Angeles Earthquake Hazards Reduction Ordinance, enacted in 1981 required owners of all unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings to comply with retroactive seismic standards. Among the 8100 URM buildings are approximately 1600 residential buildings with 46,000 housing units. As of March 1991, 55% are complete, 13% are in progress, 12% have been demolished and 20% have not complied. Data kept by the city shows the average cost per unit to be about $6000, and the average rent increase for tenants to be $67 per month, a 14-26% increase over pre-retrofit rents. Less than one-third of the owners completing the retrofit have applied for rent increases. Only 6% of the completed buildings have received financing assistance from the city. Two-thirds of the residential building owners appear to be finding the financing to complete the retrofit without assistance from the city but the remaining one-third of the units are at risk because owners are unable or unwilling to undertake the required work. Tenants who were forced to leave demolished or vacated units had difficulty finding replacement housing at affordable rents, and all tenants in downtown neighborhoods have been impacted by increasing rents and lost units. The Los Angeles experience is important for other cities attempting to establish ordinances and prepare policy for assisting building owners and tenants.

ANALISIS PENILAIAN BANGUNAN RUMAH TINGGAL DI KOTA DENPASAR

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mariada Rijasa ◽  
M. Sukrawa ◽  
Mayun Nadiasa
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Building Area ◽  
Road Width ◽  
Building Characteristics ◽  
The City

Research on factors that affect the value of residential buildings in the city of Denpasar has been done consisting of literature review, interviews with experts, data collection and statistical analysis. Obtained from literature review were 45 factors which then grouped into four, namely: land characteristics, environment, location, and building characteristics. Survey on 27 valuation expert respondents was done to obtain their perceptions on the factors, and then their perceptions were measured with Likert scale. The data were then statistically tested to determine its validity and reliability, after which factor analysis was performed to obtain factors that truly valid within its group. To further evaluate the dominant factor in each group, two hundred data of previously assessed residential buildings were collected and analyzed using multiple linear regression. Results showed that group of factors that affect the value of residential building the most is location (7.723) followed by environment (3.843), building characteristics (3,741) and land characteristics (3.253). Downtown area, road width, building area, and land area are the factor of location, environment, building characteristics, and land characteristics, respectively, that dominantly showed positive effect within its group. SUTET transmission, poor road conditions, poor physical condition of the house, and the land at road end "tusuk sate" dominantly showed negative impact within its group.

scholarly journals Automated classification metrics for energy modelling of residential buildings in the UK with open algorithms

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Beck ◽  
Gavin Long ◽  
Doreen S Boyd ◽  
Julian F Rosser ◽  
Jeremy Morley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Automated Classification ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Ordnance Survey ◽  
Built Form ◽  
Energy Modelling ◽  
The City

Estimating residential building energy use across large spatial extents is vital for identifying and testing effective strategies to reduce carbon emissions and improve urban sustainability. This task is underpinned by the availability of accurate models of building stock from which appropriate parameters may be extracted. For example, the form of a building, such as whether it is detached, semi-detached, terraced etc. and its shape may be used as part of a typology for defining its likely energy use. When these details are combined with information on building construction materials or glazing ratio, it can be used to infer the heat transfer characteristics of different properties. However, these data are not readily available for energy modelling or urban simulation. Although this is not a problem when the geographic scope corresponds to a small area and can be hand-collected, such manual approaches cannot be easily applied at the city or national scale. In this article, we demonstrate an approach that can automatically extract this information at the city scale using off-the-shelf products supplied by a National Mapping Agency. We present two novel techniques to create this knowledge directly from input geometry. The first technique is used to identify built form based upon the physical relationships between buildings. The second technique is used to determine a more refined internal/external wall measurement and ratio. The second technique has greater metric accuracy and can also be used to address problems identified in extracting the built form. A case study is presented for the City of Nottingham in the United Kingdom using two data products provided by the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain: MasterMap and AddressBase. This is followed by a discussion of a new categorisation approach for housing form for urban energy assessment.

Attraverso Cittŕ dei Morti. Frammenti visivo-antropologici

TERRITORIO ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
Erika Lazzarino ◽  
Luca Francesco Garibaldo
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Anthropological Study ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The City

- Every society expresses the conception it has constructed of existence through its burying places. The necropolis of Al Qarafa in Cairo, inhabited since it was established in the fifth century AD, reveals an intimacy between death and life, as witnessed by the residential buildings and customs. We wanted to follow the traces of these customs because they reflect the use of places, they determine the areas of sociality, they are a measure of the care and wear which inform the act of inhabiting a place and finally because they offer a chance to ask about and listen to the stories of those who live there, of those who cross it and of those who come to visit their dead. Light and shade, water and sand, flows and thresholds, gestures and geometries: these are the four essential keys to interpretation which bring together the fragments of an evocative story that emerged from a visual and anthropological study. If it is true that the City of the Dead is to be demolished, then it is not just the ancient mausolea, the illegal buildings and tombs converted into houses that are at risk, but also and above all the inestimable heritage of knowledge, rituals and daily customs associated with the worship of the dead and the survival of the living.

scholarly journals SUSTAINABILITY OF URBAN LAND IN IRAQI CITIES THROUGH MULTI STORIES RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: DOUR CITY - CASE STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 90-105
Author(s):  
Mudher Abbas Ahmed ◽  
Nabil T. Ismael
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
Family Housing ◽  
Residential Use ◽  
Horizontal Expansion ◽  
The City

The horizontal expansion of cities is a problem in itself because this leads to waste in the urban land and override on agricultural land in many cases, so the percentage of residential use could be large if compared to other uses of other urban land in cities. As a result, many countries have adopted the style of vertical buildings (3 - 5) floors for low height housing reaching to higher elevations, commensurate with the value and location of the urban land within the city because these residential buildings are characterized by suitable residential densities, efficient and economical use of the urban land, as well as the integrity of services that achieve the conditions for suitable and comfortable standards for housing. The problem of this research is coming from the reliance on horizontal residential building in providing the housing units in time of essential need for housing accompanied by waste in urban land with high proportion of residential use. The research is aimed to reduce the proportion of residential use of urban land in cities, including Iraqi cities, and make them close to the percentage of residential use in the world through the relying on the vertical residential building type as developed and integrated residential complexes from planning, design and service aspects. This research supported by field study of one of the multi-family housing complexes. This residential complex consisting of residential units in the form of apartments, which represent the vertical residential building.

scholarly journals MAPPING AN URBAN CITY CENTRE FOR SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT: APPLICATION TO VALENCIA (SPAIN)

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 817-824
Author(s):  
L. Basset-Salom ◽  
A. Guardiola-Víllora
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
The City

Abstract. Seismic risk in urban city centres may be high, even when the city is in low to moderate seismic areas, due to the vulnerability of the residential buildings. To assess the seismic vulnerability and estimate the expected damage in case of occurrence of an earthquake, an up-to-date detailed and comprehensive information of the residential building stock, such as number of dwellings, location, age, geometry, stiffness irregularities, structure, constructive system and practices, among others, is needed. This paper presents the authors experience, describing the step by step procedure followed to obtain the required information to classify and catalogue the residential buildings of the historical neighbourhoods of the city of Valencia into a database. Official sources, like the Cadastral Database, the website of the Urban Planning Service of the city of Valencia, the Municipal Historical Archive of Valencia, and the Historical Archive of the Valencian Architects Society, but also unexpected references are shared, pointing out the information that has been retrieved and its reliability. Additionally, relevant information must be obtained with an on-site data collection. This field work is essential not only to prove the accuracy of the abovementioned data but also to define some of the parameters related to the building vulnerability.The built database, included in a GIS system, has been used by the authors for seismic risk studies. This procedure can be implemented in future assessments at an urban scale.

scholarly journals ARCHITECTURE OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING INDUSTRIAL MANOR OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY-EARLY XX CENTURY IN IVANOVO-VOSNESENSK

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
N. Garnova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Industrial Estates ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

The pre-revolutionary industrial estates of the Ivanovo (until 1871 referred to as the village of Ivanovo, and since 1871 – the city of Ivanovo-Voznesensk) are the least studied and most susceptible to loss of architectural monuments of the city. This is greatly facilitated by the lack of a comprehensive architectural study, including an architectural analysis of all buildings that were part of industrial estates and their relationship at different stages of development of the complexes. The object of the study is all residential buildings of industrial estates that were part of the complexes in the second half of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century. The methodological basis of the work is based on the principles of an interdisciplinary approach, which allows considering the entire range of issues related to the object of research from the point of view of archeology, history, history of architecture, and urban planning. The study was carried out on the basis of a comparison of field surveys and archival sources of the state archives of the Ivanovo and Vladimir regions as well as the Ivanovo State Historical and Cultural Museum named after D.G. Burylin. As a result, the classification of residential buildings of industrial estates of the second half of the 19 th century – the beginning of the 20th century is presented on the basis of the façades and architectural projects made by the author.

The Whittier Narrows, California Earthquake of October 1, 1987—Evaluation of Strengthened and Unstrengthened Unreinforced Masonry in Los Angeles City

1988 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Deppe
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Code Design ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
Observed Damage ◽  
Primary Basis ◽  
The City

On November 15, 1987, the City of Los Angeles' Earthquake Division, launched a study of the performance of its strengthened unreinforced masonry buildings during the Whittier Narrows Earthquake. The objective of the study was twofold: (1) To analyze the damage to unstrengthened as well as to strengthened and tension-anchored-only buildings, and from that analysis (2) to determine the most effective ways of improving the design standards for strengthening unreinforced masonry buildings. The initial part of that objective has been completed, and the findings of that study are the primary basis for this article. Observed damage demonstrated a clear-cut need to improve certain aspects of the Code design standards for strengthened buildings; more importantly, however, it sent out warning signals to owners of unstrengthened buildings and only to a slightly lesser extent to owners of tensioned-anchors-only buildings, of the very serious need to fully strengthen their buildings and to improve on the low probability of those buildings surviving a major earthquake. The second part of the study's objective will require additional work, and the combined effort of the City of Los Angeles and the SEAOSC.

scholarly journals ARCHITECTURAL CREATIVITY OF THE MUNICIPAL UNION OF NOVOSIBIRSK HOUSING COOPERATIVES IN THE FIRST FIVE YEARS

2020 ◽  
pp. 197-207
Author(s):  
Eugeniy V. Khitsenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Apartment Building ◽  
Space Planning ◽  
Ground Floor ◽  
Housing Cooperatives ◽  
Housing Cooperative ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Dining Room ◽  
The City

The purpose of the study is to identify the main typological, space-planning, constructive, stylistic and town-planning features of residential buildings designed by the Municipal union of Novosibirsk housing cooperatives in the years of the first five-year plan. Research objectives: 1) To substantiate the need for a transition to stone construction and the benefits of the development of quarterly residential buildings in Novosibirsk during the first five-year plan; 2) Determine the main types and types of housing, the development of which was engaged Gorshilsoyuz in the study period; 3) Analyze the most characteristic objects designed by Gorzhilsoyuz in the 1930s. The method of work is based on a comprehensive analysis of archival materials from the Novosibirsk State Archive (GANO) and funds of the Museum of the History of Architecture of Siberia named after S.N. Balandin (Novosibirsk), as well as literary sources and materials of periodicals. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time, based on an analysis of residential building projects created by the Gorzhilsoyuz, their architectural and typological features and compositional and stylistic features are identified and compared in detail. Founded in 1925, the Municipal union of Novosibirsk housing cooperatives (Gorzhilsoyuz) began its activities with the design of wooden residential buildings for housing cooperatives. In the years of the first five-year plan, this organization switched to the design of stone multi-apartment residential buildings based on socialist type housing principles. If in the previous period, most residential buildings had a unified space-planning solution, which did not include other functions besides housing, in 1928–1932 the city began to embody the original projects of new types of not only multi-family buildings, but also quarterly residential complexes, which included in their structure public housing and service facilities. The first example of a quarter residential development of the city was the “garden-quarter of a new type” of the housing cooperative “Pechatnik”. The design of residential buildings involved professionals Gorzhilsoyuz. The corner multisection apartment building had in the ground floor: shops, a dining room, a pharmacy, a kindergarten, a red corner; in the basement were: showers, bathrooms and laundry. Decorative belts and rizalits were the main architectural elements of the main facade. In 1929–1930 housing cooperatives “Medrabotnic” and “Khimik” built two corner multi-section residential buildings according to the projects of the Gorzhilsoyuz. Multi-apartment building “Medrabotnic” consists of four sections. Standard ordinary end sections had two apartments on the floor: three- and four-room apartments, each of which housed a kitchen, a bathroom, and a bathroom. A store was designed on the first floor of the rotary section, and on each floor above are two three-room apartments (without bathrooms) and one four-room (second to fourth floor) apartments. The residential building of the “Khimik” was the first five-story building in Novosibirsk and was conceived as a communal house. The house provided separate sleeping areas for: adults and children. However, due to the change in the ideological line of the government, the project was converted into an apartment building with shops on the ground floor. The facades of the house spatially overlap with the facades of the building “Medrabotnic”. The residential four-storey building of the housing cooperative “Rabochaya piatiletka”, built in 1930 according to the drawings of the Gorzhilsoyuz, was designed as a communal house. The project was supposed to accommodate people in separate age groups. On the ground floor there was a dining room with a kitchen, administrative rooms and bedrooms for the elderly. On the second floor there were the bedrooms of adults and children of eight years of age. The third and fourth floors were occupied by bedrooms of adults and children up to 16 years. Half of the fourth floor had social functions. The basement was allocated for laundry, boiler room and pantry products. However, in connection with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) “On work on the restructuring of life” (dated May 16, 1930), the dormitory was re-planned, and later became an administrative building.

scholarly journals BORDER SPACE OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING AS AN ELEMENT OF SOCIOPSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT OF PEOPLE: FEATURES OF FORMATION, CHARACTERISTICS, SIGNS

2021 ◽  
pp. 152-165
Author(s):  
Ivan Smadych ◽  
Viktoriya Kapelist
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Boundary ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Hierarchical Level ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Street Space ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The City ◽  
Boundary Space

In this publication, a study of the border space of the city is carried out as a conditional zone of direct contact of various social groups near multi-storey residential buildings. Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific works on this topic, the characteristic features of the terms socially active boundary space and the space of the courtyard are clarified, general and distinctive features of their identification on the territory are highlighted. In accordance with the analysis of scientific works on this topic, the structure of the city's border spaces has been adjusted, which includes the following levels: macrolevel of the placement of border spaces in the city; meso-level geometrical and functional characteristics of boundary spaces; micro-level of the structure of the boundary space in the context of social activity. By analyzing the world and domestic experience of designing socially active boundary spaces, the hierarchy of their structural elements is highlighted. The main types of border spaces of the city are public, private and mixed border spaces. For example, the primary elements of the formation of any boundary space are the building itself, the street space and the inner courtyard space, which can be characterized by functional and geometric indicators. In the structure of the public boundary space, the planning and volumetric-spatial structure of the house and belonging to the transit or communicative component of the street space are distinguished. In a private and mixed boundary space, the second macro-level includes the spatial division of the courtyard into a buffer, transit and communication function. The last hierarchical level of this model is the level of structural elements that provide social activity in boundary spaces. At the planning level of the building, this is an exploited roof, a developed entrance group of elements, a system of the first floors of a residential building outside the main volume. At the level of volumetric-spatial solutions, the social activity of the boundary spaces is provided by interesting solutions of facades, low or medium storeys, the arrangement of loggias and balconies. In private border spaces at this level, such elements are niches and bay windows, terraced facades, and others. This model, due to the presence of many means of increasing social activity in the border spaces of a residential building, allows one to continue research on the allocation of architectural and spatial techniques for the implementation of projects of socially active border spaces of the city.  

Utopian Visions in United States Urbanism

Moreana ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (Number 164) (4) ◽  
pp. 157-186
Author(s):  
James M. McCutcheon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
New World ◽  
New Technology ◽  
World's Fair ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Central Park ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
Oneida Community ◽  
The City

America’s appeal to Utopian visionaries is best illustrated by the Oneida Community, and by Etienne Cabet’s experiment (Moreana 31/215 f and 43/71 f). A Messianic spirit was a determinant in the Puritans’ crossing the Atlantic. The Edenic appeal of the vast lands in a New World to migrants in a crowded Europe is obvious. This article documents the ambition of urbanists to preserve that rural quality after the mushrooming of towns: the largest proved exemplary in bringing the country into the city. New York’s Central Park was emulated by the open spaces on the grounds of the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893. The garden-cities surrounding London also provided inspiration, as did the avenues by which Georges Haussmann made Paris into a tourist mecca, and Pierre L’Enfant’s designs for the nation’s capital. The author concentrates on two growing cities of the twentieth century, Los Angeles and Honolulu. His detailed analysis shows politicians often slow to implement the bold and costly plans of designers whose ambition was to use the new technology in order to vie with the splendor of the natural sites and create the “City Beautiful.” Some titles in the bibliography show the hopes of those dreamers to have been tempered by fears of “supersize” or similar drawbacks.

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