Earthquake Damage and Loss Evaluation for California

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Rojahn ◽  
Roland L. Sharpe ◽  
Roger E. Scholl ◽  
Anne S. Kiremidjian ◽  
Richard V. Nutt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Damage Factor ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Ground Failure ◽  
Damage Probability Matrices ◽  
Consensus Opinion ◽  
Damage States ◽  
Time Required

Consensus-opinion earthquake damage and loss estimates and companion loss estimation and inventory methdology have been developed for existing facilities in California. These data and methodology are needed to provide input into computer simulation methodologies developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) that estimate the economic impacts of real or hypothetical California earthquakes on the state, region, and nation. Data and methodology developed include: consensus opinion damage-factor estimates (expected physical damage due to ground shaking); methodology to adjust damage-factor estimates to account for construction quality; methodology to estimate the effects of collateral hazards such as ground failure, fault rupture, and inundation; loss-of-function data and methodology to estimate the time it takes to restore damaged facilities to their pre-earthquake usability; methodology to estimate deaths and injuries; and inventory data and methodology for all types of existing industrial, commercial, residential, utility and transportation facilities in California. Damage-factor estimates are provided for Modified Mercalli Intensities VI through XII in the form of Damage Probability Matrices. Seven damage states are considered: 0%, 0-1%, 1-10%, 10-30%, 30-60%, 60-100%, and 100% damage. Loss-of-Function estimates, which specify the time required to restore a facility to 30%, 60%, and 100% of the pre-earthquake usability, are provided for these same seven damage states.

Adapting Hazus for seismic risk assessment in Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Nastev
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Emergency Managers ◽  
Damage States ◽  
Earthquake Model ◽  
Permanent Ground Deformation

Although earthquakes have been recognised as major natural hazards with the potential to cause loss of life, property damage, and social and economic disruption in Canada, most risk and emergency managers still lack the necessary tools and guidance to adequately undertake rigorous risk assessments. Recently, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) has adopted Hazus, a standardized best-practice methodology developed by the US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for estimating potential losses from common natural hazards, such as earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes. Hazus combines science, engineering knowledge, and mathematical modelling with geographic information systems technology to estimate physical damage and economic and social losses. Besides the ground shaking, the earthquake model considers landslide, liquefaction, and fault rupture susceptibilities. Depending on the severity of the resulting transient ground motion and permanent ground deformation, five potential damage states (none, slight, moderate, extensive, complete) are employed to estimate the amount of structural damage and consequent economic and social losses. This note reports some of the typical features of the recently adapted Hazus earthquake model, with an emphasis on the considerations of earthquake-induced hazards, and overviews the ongoing activities and potential challenges in implementing this model in Canada.

A Beta Distribution Model for Characterizing Earthquake Damage State Distribution

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 1337-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lallemant ◽  
Anne Kiremidjian
Keyword(s):  
Beta Distribution ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
State Distribution ◽  
Damage State ◽  
Damage Probability Matrices ◽  
Damage States ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
Probability Matrices

This study investigates methods for modeling the distribution of post-earthquake damage among categorical damage states. Specifically, it is demonstrated that the beta distribution is a good model for characterizing the complete probability distribution of damage states conditioned on ground-motion intensity. Based on extensive post-earthquake damage surveys following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, the paper proposes the method-of-moments and maximum likelihood estimate-based formulations to fit a beta distribution model to grouped categorical damage data. The beta distribution model is further compared with one based on the binomial distribution, often used to estimate damage state distribution. The study demonstrates that the beta distribution results in little bias and variance in predictions of damage and loss. This model can be the basis for developing damage probability matrices, fragility curves, post-disaster damage estimations, risk assessments, and more.

Earthquake Damage and Loss Estimation Methodology and Data for Salt Lake County, Utah (ATC-36)

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Rojahn ◽  
Stephanie A. King ◽  
Roger E. Scholl ◽  
Anne S. Kiremidjian ◽  
Lawrence D. Reaveley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Lake ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Database Management System ◽  
Lake County ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Ground Failure ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Fire Following Earthquake ◽  
Lifeline Systems ◽  
Gis Software

As a follow on to the Applied Technology Council (ATC) project to develop earthquake damage evaluation data for California (ATC-13 project), ATC has conducted a project to update and translate the ATC-13 data and methodology for use in Salt Lake County, Utah (ATC-36 project). Methodology has been developed and/or updated for: (1) estimation of damage due to ground shaking, (2) estimation of damage due to collateral loss causes such as fault rupture, ground failure, inundation, and fire following earthquake, (3) estimation of time to restore damaged facilities to pre-earthquake usability, and (4) estimation of deaths and injuries. In addition, an electronic inventory of approximately 200,000 structures (buildings and lifeline systems) within Salt Lake County has been developed. The data and methodology have been developed for implementation in a geographic information system (GIS) application, or in a non-GIS software application, such as a relational database management system or spreadsheet.

scholarly journals Global Earthquake Response with Imaging Geodesy: Recent Examples from the USGS NEIC

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Barnhart ◽  
Gavin P. Hayes ◽  
David J. Wald
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Response ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Earthquake Response ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Ground Failure ◽  
The World ◽  
Source Models ◽  
Impact Products ◽  
Seismic Wavefield

The U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center leads real-time efforts to provide rapid and accurate assessments of the impacts of global earthquakes, including estimates of ground shaking, ground failure, and the resulting human impacts. These efforts primarily rely on analysis of the seismic wavefield to characterize the source of the earthquake, which in turn informs a suite of disaster response products such as ShakeMap and PAGER. In recent years, the proliferation of rapidly acquired and openly available in-situ and remotely sensed geodetic observations has opened new avenues for responding to earthquakes around the world in the days following significant events. Geodetic observations, particularly from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and satellite optical imagery, provide a means to robustly constrain the dimensions and spatial complexity of earthquakes beyond what is typically possible with seismic observations alone. Here, we document recent cases where geodetic observations contributed important information to earthquake response efforts—from informing and validating seismically-derived source models to independently constraining earthquake impact products—and the conditions under which geodetic observations improve earthquake response products. We use examples from the 2013 Mw7.7 Baluchistan, Pakistan, 2014 Mw6.0 Napa, California, 2015 Mw7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, and 2018 Mw7.5 Palu, Indonesia earthquakes to highlight the varying ways geodetic observations have contributed to earthquake response efforts at the NEIC. We additionally provide a synopsis of the workflows implemented for geodetic earthquake response. As remote sensing geodetic observations become increasingly available and the frequency of satellite acquisitions continues to increase, operational earthquake geodetic imaging stands to make critical contributions to natural disaster response efforts around the world.

Structural Performance of Bridges in the Tohoku-Oki Earthquake

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 315-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiko Kawashima ◽  
Ian Buckle
Keyword(s):  
Highway Bridges ◽  
Elastomeric Bearings ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Ground Failure ◽  
Kobe Earthquake ◽  
The North ◽  
Bridge Damage ◽  
Bridge Performance ◽  
Insight Into

Including minor nonstructural damage, over 1,500 highway bridges and numerous rail bridges were damaged during the Tohoku-oki earthquake of 11 March 2011. The causes of this damage can be broadly classified in two categories: ground shaking, including ground failure (liquefaction); and tsunami inundation. Damage included span unseating, column shear and flexural failures, approach fill erosion, liquefaction induced settlement, and failed steel and elastomeric bearings. Since many bridges in the north Miyagi-ken and south Iwate-ken suffered extensive damage during the 1978 Miyagi-ken-oki earthquake, bridge performance during the 2011 earthquake is of particular interest. Advances in design and retrofit may be assessed by looking at the performance of bridges designed to post-1990 codes and those retrofitted since the Kobe earthquake in 1995. In both categories, bridge damage due to ground shaking was minor, thus validating the provisions in the post-1990 codes and the Japan bridge retrofit program. Damage that did occur due to ground shaking was mainly to bridges not yet retrofitted or only partly so. Tsunami-related damage included complete loss of span and erosion of backfills. However, many bridges survived, despite being totally submerged, and their performance gives insight into the potential design of tsunami-resistant bridges.

Effects of Ground Failure on Bridges, Roads, and Railroads

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1_suppl1) ◽  
pp. 119-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Ledezma ◽  
Tara Hutchinson ◽  
Scott A. Ashford ◽  
Robb Moss ◽  
Pedro Arduino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Spreading ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Ground Failure ◽  
Major Earthquake ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Maule Earthquake ◽  
2010 Maule Earthquake

The long duration and strong velocity content of the motions produced by the 27 February 2010 Maule earthquake resulted in widespread liquefaction and lateral spreading in several urban and other regions of Chile. In particular, critical lifeline structures such as bridges, roadway embankments, and railroads were damaged by ground shaking and ground failure. This paper describes the effects that ground failure had on a number of bridges, roadway embankments, and railroads during this major earthquake.

scholarly journals Geotechnical aspects of the 2007 Niigataken Chuetsu-Oki, Japan earthquake

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolando P. Orense ◽  
Masayuki Hyodo ◽  
Hiroaki Kanda ◽  
Junya Ohashi
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Soil Liquefaction ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
The West ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Damage Investigation

On 16 July 2007, an earthquake of magnitude 6.8 occurred with an epicentre off the west coast of Niigata Prefecture (Japan), causing widespread damage to buildings and other types of civil engineering structures due to ground shaking and earthquake-induced ground failures. Landsliding and soil liquefaction occurred extensively in various parts of the affected region. This paper presents the preliminary results of the post-earthquake damage investigation conducted at the affected areas after the earthquake, with emphasis on the seismic-induced ground failures and their effects on the built environment.

scholarly journals Limits on the potential accuracy of earthquake risk evaluations using the L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake as an example

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Douglas ◽  
Daniel Monfort Climent ◽  
Caterina Negulescu ◽  
Agathe Roullé ◽  
Olivier Sedan
Keyword(s):  
Strong Motion ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Building Vulnerability ◽  
Potential Accuracy ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Local Site ◽  
Damage States ◽  
Macroseismic Intensities ◽  
Strong Motion Network

<p>This article is concerned with attempting to ‘predict’ (hindcast) the damage caused by the L’Aquila 2009 earthquake (M<sub>w</sub> 6.3) and, more generally, with the question of how close predicted damage can ever be to observations. Damage is hindcast using a well-established empirical-based approach based on vulnerability indices and macroseismic intensities, adjusted for local site effects. Using information that was available before the earthquake and assuming the same event characteristics as the L’Aquila mainshock, the overall damage is reasonably well predicted but there are considerable differences in the damage pattern. To understand the reasons for these differences, information that was only available after the event were include within the calculation. Despite some improvement in the predicted damage, in particularly by the modification of the vulnerability indices and the parameter influencing the width of the damage distribution, these hindcasts do not match all the details of the observations. This is because of local effects: both in terms of the ground shaking, which is only detectable by the installation of a much denser strong-motion network and a detailed microzonation, and in terms of the building vulnerability, which cannot be modeled using a statistical approach but would require detailed analytical modeling for which calibration data are likely to be lacking. Future studies should concentrate on adjusting the generic components of the approach to make them more applicable to their location of interest. To increase the number of observations available to make these adjustments, we encourage the collection of damage states (and not just habitability classes) following earthquakes and also the installation of dense strong-motion networks in built-up areas.</p>

scholarly journals Temporal Vestibular Deficits in synaptojanin 1 (synj1) Mutants

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Gao ◽  
Teresa Nicolson
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Vesicle Recycling ◽  
Ribbon Synapses ◽  
Synaptojanin 1 ◽  
Time Required

The lipid phosphatase synaptojanin 1 (synj1) is required for the disassembly of clathrin coats on endocytic compartments. In neurons such activity is necessary for the recycling of endocytosed membrane into synaptic vesicles. Mutations in zebrafish synj1 have been shown to disrupt the activity of ribbon synapses in sensory hair cells. After prolonged mechanical stimulation of hair cells, both phase locking of afferent nerve activity and the recovery of spontaneous release of synaptic vesicles are diminished in synj1 mutants. Presumably as a behavioral consequence of these synaptic deficits, synj1 mutants are unable to maintain an upright posture. To probe vestibular function with respect to postural control in synj1 mutants, we developed a method for assessing the vestibulospinal reflex (VSR) in larvae. We elicited the VSR by rotating the head and recorded tail movements. As expected, the VSR is completely absent in pcdh15a and lhfpl5a mutants that lack inner ear function. Conversely, lhfpl5b mutants, which have a selective loss of function of the lateral line organ, have normal VSRs, suggesting that the hair cells of this organ do not contribute to this reflex. In contrast to mechanotransduction mutants, the synj1 mutant produces normal tail movements during the initial cycles of rotation of the head. Both the amplitude and temporal aspects of the response are unchanged. However, after several rotations, the VSR in synj1 mutants was strongly diminished or absent. Mutant synj1 larvae are able to recover, but the time required for the reappearance of the VSR after prolonged stimulation is dramatically increased in synj1 mutants. Collectively, the data demonstrate a behavioral correlate of the synaptic defects caused by the loss of synj1 function. Our results suggest that defects in synaptic vesicle recycling give rise to fatigue of ribbons synapses and possibly other synapses of the VS circuit, leading to the loss of postural control.

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