scholarly journals The use of ginkgo biloba in the treatment of dementia

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Maidment
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Medline Search

Aims and MethodTo assess and update the available data on use of ginkgo to treat dementia. A Medline search as conducted for the period January 1985 to October 2000. The search included other aspects of the usage of ginkgo, such as side-effects, mechanism of action and drug interactions.ResultsMost of the trials using ginkgo were to treat cerebral insufficiency. Only five trials could be identified that used ginkgo to treat dementia. There are no trials comparing ginkgo to cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil.Clinical ImplicationsGinkgo is generally well-tolerated and appears to ease the symptoms of dementia. Although it has been suggested that the effect is comparable to donepezil, confirmation from controlled studies is required.

scholarly journals Awareness of Medical Applications of Gingko Biloba Among Dental Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽  
pp. 937-941
Author(s):  
Nithyanandham Masilamani ◽  
Dhanraj Ganapathy
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gingko Biloba ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Herbal medicines reflect a significant portion of new interest in alternative therapies and Ginkgo biloba (GB) features significantly throughout this regard. The GB concentrate and any of its constituents are already thoroughly researched in terms of its impact on behavioral, physiological and psychological consequences linked with neurological and vascular conditions. The purpose of this survey was for assessing the awareness of medical applications of Gingko Biloba amongst dental students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a self-administered questionnaire with 10 queries circulated among 100 dental students. The questionnaire assessed the awareness about Ginkgo bilobatherapy in medical applications, their anti-dementia properties, anti alziemer properties, anti-ageing activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and its mechanism of action and side effects. The responses were recorded and analysed.8% of the respondents were aware of the medical applications of Gingko Biloba therapy.6 % were aware of the anti-dementia activity of Gingko Biloba therapy,5% were aware of anti alziemer properties of Gingko Biloba therapy,6% were aware of anti-ageing properties of Gingko Biloba therapy, 5% were aware of anti-inflammatory properties of Gingko Biloba therapy, 5% were aware mechanism of action and side effects of Gingko Biloba therapy. The awareness about the usage of Ginkgo biloba therapy in medicinal applications is low among dental students. Increased awareness programs and sensitization and continuing dental education programs along with greater importance to the curricular modifications, can further enhance knowledge and awareness about Ginkgo biloba therapy.

Psychopharmacology of Depression as a Systemic Illness for Primary and Specialty Care Clinicians

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Cozza ◽  
Rita Rein ◽  
Gary H. Wynn ◽  
Eric G. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Case Examples

There are nearly 4 million patients with depression followed by primary care in the United States, with nearly 80% of prescriptions for antidepressants written by non-psychiatrists (Mark et al. 2009). Understanding and utilizing psychopharmacology is a critical skill for primary care physicians, who are often initial or sole prescribers. Persons with medical illnesses and depression are often prescribed a multitude of medications, necessitating attention to pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetics, and an understanding of intended effects, side effects, toxicities, and drug interactions. This chapter begins with a brief review of drug mechanisms of action, metabolism, and interaction principles; addressing the interplay between depression, the medications used to treat depression, co-prescribed medications, and medical illness. The chapter includes a discussion of drugs used to treat depression in text and table format, highlighted with case examples. Details about mechanism of action, common side effects and adverse reactions, drug interactions, and other clinical implications are provided.

Clinical Implications of Antidepressant Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenetics

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1471-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence J Cohen ◽  
C Lindsay DeVane
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
English Language ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Pharmacologic Agents ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVE: To review available data on pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic influences on the response to antidepressant therapy, analyze the mechanisms for and clinical significance of pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic differences, and explain the implications of pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics for patient care. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search of English-language clinical studies, abstracts, and review articles on antidepressant pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenetics, and drug interactions was used to identify pertinent literature. DATA SYNTHESIS: The pharmacokinetic profiles of selected antidepressants are reviewed and the impact of hepatic microsomal enzymes on antidepressant metabolism is considered. How phenotypic differences influence the metabolism of antidepressant drug therapy is addressed. To evaluate the clinical implications of these pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic considerations, the findings of studies designed to elucidate drug interactions involving antidepressant agents are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in antidepressant plasma concentrations, and possibly safety, are caused by polymorphism in the genes that encode some of the cytochrome P450 isoenzymes that metabolize antidepressants. The isoenzymes 1A2, 2C9/19, 2D6, and 3A4 are the major enzymes that catalyze antidepressant metabolic reactions. Antidepressants can be either substrates or inhibitors of these enzymes, which also metabolize many other pharmacologic agents. Although the cytochrome enzymes that metabolize antidepressants have not been fully characterized, interaction profiles of the newer antidepressants are becoming more clearly defined. Determining patient phenotypes is not practical in the clinical setting, but an awareness of the possibility of genetic polymorphism in antidepressant metabolism may help explain therapeutic failure or toxicity, help predict the likelihood of drug interactions, and help clinicians better manage antidepressant drug therapy.

Nitrogen Mustards as Alkylating Agents: A Review on Chemistry, Mechanism of Action and Current USFDA Status of Drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1080-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghansham S. More ◽  
Asha B. Thomas ◽  
Sohan S. Chitlange ◽  
Rabindra K. Nanda ◽  
Rahul L. Gajbhiye
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Nitrogen Mustard ◽  
Alkylating Agents ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Nitrogen Mustards ◽  
Information Leaflets ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Approved Drugs

Background & Objective: :Nitrogen mustard derivatives form one of the major classes of anti-cancer agents in USFDA approved drugs list. These are polyfunctional alkylating agents which are distinguished by a unique mechanism of adduct formation with DNA involving cross-linking between guanine N-7 of one strand of DNA with the other. The generated cross-linking is irreversible and leads to cell apoptosis. Hence it is of great interest to explore this class of anticancer alkylating agents.Methods::An exhaustive list of reviews, research articles, patents, books, patient information leaflets, and orange book is presented and the contents related to nitrogen mustard anti-cancer agents have been reviewed. Attempts are made to present synthesis schemes in a simplified manner. The mechanism of action of the drugs and their side effects are also systematically elaborated.Results::This review provides a platform for understanding all aspects of such drugs right from synthesis to their mechanism of action and side effects, and lists USFDA approved ANDA players among alkylating anticancer agents in the current market.Conclusion: :Perusing this article, generic scientists will be able to access literature information in this domain easily to gain insight into the nitrogen mustard alkylating agents for further ANDA development. It will help the scientific and research community to continue their pursuit for the design of newer and novel heterocyclic alkylating agents of this class in the coming future.

Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, More Effective and Safer Pharmacological Treatment for the Management of Obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harsha Negi ◽  
Meenakshi Gupta ◽  
Ramanpreet Walia ◽  
Moayad Khataibeh ◽  
Maryam Sarwat
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Pancreatic Lipase ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Herbal Plants ◽  
New Compounds

: Obesity is a major lifestyle disorder and it is correlated with several ailments. The prevalence of obesity has elevated over the years and it has become a global health problem. The drugs presently used for managing obesity have several side-effects associated with them such as diarrhoea, leakage of oily stools, etc. On the contrary, herbal plants and natural products are considered safe for use because they have lesser side effects. New compounds isolated from medicinal plants are screened and identified to determine their effectiveness and potential in preventing abnormal weight gain. In this review, the medicinal plants and natural materials were surveyed across the literature to cover those that have potential for managing and controlling weight gain, and their mechanism of action, active component, and experimental methodologies are also included. These herbal products can be developed as formulations for therapeutic use in obesity. The herbal plants mentioned in the review are classified based on their mechanism of action: inhibition of pancreatic lipase and appetite suppression activities. The ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase enzyme has been used to determine the effectiveness of herbal products for the prevention of abnormal weight gain because of its action on dietary fat and suppression of appetite. This review is an attempt to summarize the herbal plants and natural products that can be used to develop formulations effective in controlling weight gain and obesity.

Practical prescribing

1987 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 80-80
Author(s):  
Martin J Brodie ◽  
Ian Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Text Book ◽  
The Third ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Treatment Policies ◽  
Accessible Form

This book is a practical manual for the prescriber rather than a text book. The first chapter usefully explains pharmacological terms which are used later in the book. This is followed by three sections concerned with choosing drugs. The first section gives a list of ‘best buys’ for common complaints, the second looks at treatment policies and the third gives basic pharmacological information to help in making choices. Side-effects and drug interactions are presented in the next two chapters in a readily accessible form. The final chapter, called ‘Cautions,’ has some useful information not readily found elsewhere including data on teratogenesis and shelf-life of formulations. It also suggests which drugs we should stop using, and discusses factors to consider before using a new drug.

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