A Note on the Indications for Shock Therapy

1951 ◽  
Vol 97 (406) ◽  
pp. 144-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Present State ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Shock Therapy ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Label

Our present state of knowledge concerning the changes brought about by shock therapy is such that the application of these forms of treatment is still largely empirical. This is due to the fact that we are not aware of the mode of action of these different modes of treatment and also because the classification of the various forms of mental disorders is still very unsatisfactory. This is particularly true when we are dealing with that heterogeneous group of mental illnesses lumped together as schizophrenia. Many cases of so-called schizophrenia will recover without and even in spite of shock therapy, and I very much doubt whether the concept schizophrenia has done anything to help us in choosing our cases. A diagnosis to have any value should give us (a) a clinical picture of the patient, (b) an indication of the course of the illness which would be helpful in giving a prognosis, and (c) some guidance as to the appropriate treatment for a particular patient. Most clinical psychiatrists will agree that the diagnostic label schizophrenia fails us in all these respects. I read with great interest in the booklet of the International Congress Dr. Meduna's article in which he divides schizophrenia into two groups (a) endogenous schizophrenia, and (b) symptomatic schizophrenia. He points out that shock therapy is of value only in cases of symptomatic schizophrenia, which is more or less identical with the confusional insanity and the exhaustion psychoses of the English Board of Control classification of mental diseases.

Nomenclature of Mental Diseases

1903 ◽  
Vol 49 (205) ◽  
pp. 236-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Urquhart
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Present State ◽  
Royal College ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mental Diseases

I have ventured to suggest that we should now consider what we are going to do about the classification of mental disorders. Lately, the Royal College of Physicians of London decided to revise the Nomenclature of Diseases, and publish another edition. The President of this College is on the Committee; as is also Dr. Savage, our colleague in London, who has taken much interest in this question. I was somewhat surprised the other day when I asked for a copy of the Nomenclature of Diseases in the Royal Medical Society of London, to find that they did not have a copy in their library—a book which is supposed to guide the profession in the statistical registration of diseases. In 1896, for the third edition, an attempt was made to reform the nomenclature of mental diseases, under the direction of Dr. Hack Tuke and Dr. Savage. In its present state it is still unsatisfactory. The classification with which we have to deal is as follows:—First, there is “idiocy (cretinism), and then mania (acute or chronic), delirious, hysterical, puerperal, epileptic, traumatic, syphilitic, gouty, from either acute or chronic disease, alcoholic, plumbic, or other poisons.” Acute is an absurd word, because we specially want to mark the duration. Acute should be rendered Recent. Then there is “melancholia (acute or chronic), delirious, hypochondriac, climacteric, puerperal, epileptic, syphilitic, acute, other diseases.” Then there is “dementia (primary or secondary), senile, climacteric, puerperal, epileptic, traumatic, syphilitic, acute, other diseases.” Then there is “mental stupor, anergic, delusional.” Then there is “general paralysis.” That is not a mental disease. Lastly, there is “delusional insanity.”

‘The present state and statistical observation of mental patients under home custody’, by Kure Shūzō and Kashida Gorō (1918)

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-256
Author(s):  
Akira Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Present State ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Traditional Healing ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Mental Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Healing Practices

This text, dealing with the private confinement of the mentally ill at home, or shitaku kanchi, has often been referred to as a ‘classic text’ in the history of Japanese psychiatry. Shitaku kanchi was one of the most prevalent methods of treating mental disorders in early twentieth-century Japan. Under the guidance of Kure Shūzō (1865–1932), Kure’s assistants at Tokyo University inspected a total of 364 rooms of shitaku kanchi across Japan between 1910 and 1916. This text was published as their final report in 1918. The text also refers to traditional healing practices for mental illnesses found throughout the country. Its abundant descriptions aroused the interest of experts of various disciplines.

scholarly journals Design And Construction Of An Expert System For Early Detection of Mental Illness in COVID-19 Patients And Handling Using Certainty Factor Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Mohammad Iqbal ◽  
Nurfitria Khoirunnisa
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
The People ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
New Type ◽  
Almost All

Covid-19 is a new type of virus that can be transmitted to humans. This virus spreads very quickly and has spread to almost all countries. In the midst of Covid-19 outbreak, social phenomenon emerged that has the potential to exacerbate the situation, it is negative social stigma against a person or group of people who experience symptoms or have COVID-19 disease. They are labeled, stereotyped, discriminated against, and treated differently because they are associated with Covid-19 disease. This pandemic puts pressure on the emergence of mental illnesses such as fatigue, stress, fear, sadness, loneliness, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its probability of dying from Covid 19 is almost 3 times higher than those who do not have mental illness. Therefore, an expert system is needed to detect mental disorders in Covid-19 patients early as prevention. This system works as psychologist experts detect Covid-19 patients through the people closest to the patient. By observing the conditions and symptoms arose in the patient's psychological condition, the user will fill the data in the system to find out the level of disturbance experienced by the patient in real time. Then, the system will provide solutions, diagnosis results and appropriate treatment methods for patients so that symptoms of mental disorders can be detected and prevented early on without direct contact between patients and experts

Conceptualizing Psychological Problems

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Benjamin B. Lahey
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Scientific Validity ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Mind

Psychological problems are simply aspects of human behavior—broadly defined to include ways of thinking, perceiving, feeling, and acting—that cause people distress or interfere with functioning in important areas of their lives. This straightforward and pragmatic definition of psychological problems is offered as an alternative to the current medical model view in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Classification of Diseases that dominates thinking about psychological problems in most of the world today. Psychological problems are not the result of terrifying illnesses of the mind. Although they can be very distressing and problematic for individuals, they are surprisingly commonplace variations in the natural continua of psychological problems that arise in perfectly ordinary ways. This perspective has the advantages of scientific validity and reducing the stigma inherent in viewing psychological problems as mental illnesses, mental disorders, or psychopathology.

Integrating the Findings from Boundary Sciences for Development of the DSM/ICD Classifications

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S78-S78
Author(s):  
I. Trofimova
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Functional Ecology ◽  
Clinical Neuropsychology ◽  
Temperament Traits ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Neurochemical Correlates

IntroductionTemperament and mental illnesses are considered to be varying degrees along the same continuum of imbalance in the neurophysiological regulation of behavior. Mental disorders are linked to specific patterns in the relationships between neurotransmitters and between brain structures. Similar links were found for temperament traits. Development of DSM and ICD classifications might benefit therefore from an integration between psychiatry, functional neurochemistry and differential psychology.ObjectivesTo describe the neurochemical systems underlying mental disorders and temperament traits in healthy adults.MethodsFindings in neurochemistry, neuropsychology, differential psychology and psychopathology are compared to the traits described in various temperament models. This analysis is summarized in the perspective of the neurochemical functional ensemble of temperament (FET) model.ResultsNeurochemical correlates for 12 main dynamical aspects of behavior are presented as a systemic framework that follows a universal functional structure of human actions described in kinesiology, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry and clinical neuropsychology. The role of monoamine systems (serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin), acetylcholine, GABA/glutamate, neuropeptide and opioid receptor systems are linked to regulation of specific dynamical properties of behavior in a systematic way. Several insights for the structure of the classification of mental disorders from the perspective of the FET model are proposed.ConclusionsAn integration of research in neurochemistry and psychopathology of behavior with differential psychology based on healthy samples can bring new insights for future versions of DSM and ICD classifications of mental disorders. Such integration does not follow either dimensionality or categorical approach but instead is based on functional ecology of human behavior.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Angststörungen – von der ICD-10 zur ICD-11

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Timo D. Vloet ◽  
Marcel Romanos
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
International Classification ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Icd 10

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Nach 12 Jahren Entwicklung wird die 11. Version der International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) im Januar 2022 in Kraft treten. Methodik: Im Rahmen eines selektiven Übersichtsartikels werden die Veränderungen im Hinblick auf die Klassifikation von Angststörungen von der ICD-10 zur ICD-11 zusammenfassend dargestellt. Ergebnis: Die diagnostischen Kriterien der generalisierten Angststörung, Agoraphobie und spezifischen Phobien werden angepasst. Die ICD-11 wird auf Basis einer Lebenszeitachse neu organisiert, sodass die kindesaltersspezifischen Kategorien der ICD-10 aufgelöst werden. Die Trennungsangststörung und der selektive Mutismus werden damit den „regulären“ Angststörungen zugeordnet und können zukünftig auch im Erwachsenenalter diagnostiziert werden. Neu ist ebenso, dass verschiedene Symptomdimensionen der Angst ohne kategoriale Diagnose verschlüsselt werden können. Diskussion: Die Veränderungen im Bereich der Angsterkrankungen umfassen verschiedene Aspekte und sind in der Gesamtschau nicht unerheblich. Positiv zu bewerten ist die Einführung einer Lebenszeitachse und Parallelisierung mit dem Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Schlussfolgerungen: Die entwicklungsbezogene Neuorganisation in der ICD-11 wird auch eine verstärkte längsschnittliche Betrachtung von Angststörungen in der Klinik sowie Forschung zur Folge haben. Damit rückt insbesondere die Präventionsforschung weiter in den Fokus.

The relationship between brain structure and general psychopathology in preadolescents

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Mewton ◽  
Briana Lees ◽  
Lindsay Squeglia ◽  
Miriam K. Forbes ◽  
Matthew Sunderland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
General Psychopathology ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Cortical Volume ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
The Relationship

Categorical mental disorders are being recognized as suboptimal targets in clinical neuroscience due to poor reliability as well as high rates of heterogeneity within, and comorbidity between, mental disorders. As an alternative to the case-control approach, recent studies have focused on the relationship between neurobiology and latent dimensions of psychopathology. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between brain structure and psychopathology in the critical preadolescent period when psychopathology is emerging. This study included baseline data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® (n = 11,721; age range = 9-10 years; male = 52.2%). General psychopathology, externalizing, internalizing, and thought disorder dimensions were based on a higher-order model of psychopathology and estimated using Bayesian plausible values. Outcome variables included global and regional cortical volume, thickness, and surface area. Higher levels of psychopathology across all dimensions were associated with lower volume and surface area globally, as well as widespread and pervasive alterations across the majority of cortical and subcortical regions studied, after adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, and parental education. The relationships between general psychopathology and brain structure were attenuated when adjusting for cognitive functioning. There was evidence of a relationship between externalizing psychopathology and frontal regions of the cortex that was independent of general psychopathology. The current study identified lower cortical volume and surface area as transdiagnostic biomarkers for general psychopathology in preadolescence. The widespread and pervasive relationships between general psychopathology and brain structure may reflect cognitive dysfunction that is a feature across a range of mental illnesses.

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