Affect in Schizophrenic Reaction Types

1943 ◽  
Vol 89 (374) ◽  
pp. 21-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph T. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Favourable Outcome ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Reaction Type ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Schizophrenic Reaction ◽  
Methods Of Treatment ◽  
Do So

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate and discuss by case-records the affective responses of a number of patients with a schizophrenic reaction type of mental illness. Recently the energies, time and attention of neuropsychiatrists have been focused on the newer methods of treatment of the schizophrenics. As a result of such intensive and extensive study, interest in other problems of schizophrenia has been rekindled. The “shock therapies” have seemed to crystallize certain factors for us. They have tended to bring out into clear relief certain old factors and have produced many new facts so that we have been forced to re-orient ourselves in many diverse ways. Prognosis has been altered, and this fact has led to a minute scrutiny of the patients who have been treated to determine what factors are operating for or against a favourable outcome. One of these is the affective factor. Patients that have retained a good affective response may still be able to combat reality and its ever-present problems of adjustment and re-adjustment. They may recover spontaneously, or they may do so quicker with the help of the “shock therapies.”

scholarly journals Interregional Transfers for Pandemic Surges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A Michelson ◽  
Chris A Rees ◽  
Jayshree Sarathy ◽  
Paige VonAchen ◽  
Michael Wornow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
Hospital Inpatient ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Icu Patients ◽  
Interregional Transfers ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Bed Capacity ◽  
Model Scenarios ◽  
Do So

Abstract Background Hospital inpatient and intensive care unit (ICU) bed shortfalls may arise due to regional surges in volume. We sought to determine how interregional transfers could alleviate bed shortfalls during a pandemic. Methods We used estimates of past and projected inpatient and ICU cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from 4 February 2020 to 1 October 2020. For regions with bed shortfalls (where the number of patients exceeded bed capacity), transfers to the nearest region with unused beds were simulated using an algorithm that minimized total interregional transfer distances across the United States. Model scenarios used a range of predicted COVID-19 volumes (lower, mean, and upper bounds) and non–COVID-19 volumes (20%, 50%, or 80% of baseline hospital volumes). Scenarios were created for each day of data, and worst-case scenarios were created treating all regions’ peak volumes as simultaneous. Mean per-patient transfer distances were calculated by scenario. Results For the worst-case scenarios, national bed shortfalls ranged from 669 to 58 562 inpatient beds and 3208 to 31 190 ICU beds, depending on model volume parameters. Mean transfer distances to alleviate daily bed shortfalls ranged from 23 to 352 miles for inpatient and 28 to 423 miles for ICU patients, depending on volume. Under all worst-case scenarios except the highest-volume ICU scenario, interregional transfers could fully resolve bed shortfalls. To do so, mean transfer distances would be 24 to 405 miles for inpatients and 73 to 476 miles for ICU patients. Conclusions Interregional transfers could mitigate regional bed shortfalls during pandemic hospital surges.

Treatment of frostbite in an open way (without dressings)

1937 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-86
Author(s):  
V. A. Petrovykh
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Tatar Strait ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The One ◽  
Apparent Similarity ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

The harsh climatic conditions of the coast of the Tatar Strait make explainable the large number of patients with frostbite who passed under our supervision during the winter of 1935-36 and amounted to 2.8% (26 people) of the total contingent of inpatients. The variety of recommended methods for treating frostbite, on the one hand, and the relatively long recovery period for all of them, on the other hand, made us take a critical approach to the proposed methods of treatment. All currently existing methods are reduced to the treatment of frostbite areas with bandages; and on the locus morbi apply indifferent or slightly disinfecting ointments, or a similar property of a powder, or wipes moistened with slightly disinfecting solutions, for example, Sol. kalii hyperm. 1: 1000. The apparent similarity of the external manifestations of frostbite and burns inspired us with the idea of ​​conducting frostbite therapy in an "open way", which has long occupied a well-deserved place in the treatment of burns.

scholarly journals Musical Features and Affective Responses to Personalized Playlists in People With Probable Dementia

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Garrido ◽  
Catherine J. Stevens ◽  
Esther Chang ◽  
Laura Dunne ◽  
Janette Perz
Keyword(s):  
Galvanic Skin Response ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Aged Care ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Slow Mode ◽  
Affective Outcome ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Skin Response ◽  
Depressor Anguli Oris

Objectives: Personalized music playlists are increasingly being utilized in aged care settings. This study aims to investigate how musical features influence the affective response to music of people with probable dementia. Methods: A factorial experiment (2 × 2 × 3) was conducted to investigate the influence of tempo (fast, slow), mode (major, minor), and lyrics (none, negative, positive). Ninety-nine people with probable dementia were randomly assigned to 3 conditions, listening to 3 personalized playlists. Galvanic skin response and activation of facial action units were measured. Results: Music with fast tempos increased arousal and reduced enjoyment. Music in minor keys increased activation of the depressor anguli oris, suggesting increased sadness. Lyrics had no significant effect on response. Discussion: The findings demonstrate that both tempo and mode influenced the response of the listener. As well as accounting for personal preferences, music for people with dementia should be carefully targeted toward the affective outcome desired.

scholarly journals Monitoring inner London mental illness services

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 276-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Bernard Audini ◽  
Michael Crowe ◽  
Joan Feldman ◽  
Anna Higgitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Bed Occupancy ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Catchment Population ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Acute Psychiatric Care ◽  
The Impact

Our objective was to establish a mechanism for monitoring indicators of the state of health of inner London's mental illness services. Data were collected for a census week around 15 June 1994. Local data collection was coordinated by consultant pyschiatrists working in inner London services. Twelve services participated with a combined catchment population of 2.6 m. They included ten London services which were among the 17 most socially deprived areas of England. Main indicators were admission bed occupancy levels (including an estimate of the total requirement), proportion of patients detained under the Mental Health Act, number of assaults committed by inpatients, number of emergency assessments and CPN caseloads. The mean true bed occupancy (which reflects the number of patients who were receiving, or required, in-patient care on census day) was 130%. To meet all need for acute psychiatric care, including for patients who should have been admitted and those discharged prematurely because beds were full, a further 426 beds would have been required. Fifty per cent of patients were legally detained. Physical assaults were virtually a daily occurrence on the admission units. Average community pyschiatric nurse caseloads were 37, suggesting that the majority were not working intensively with limited caseloads of patients with severe mental illness. These indicators, although imperfect, will allow for some measurement of the impact of local and central initiatives on the poor state of London's mental illness services.

Old Age Mental Disorders in Newcastle-upon-Tyne

1965 ◽  
Vol 111 (479) ◽  
pp. 939-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Garside ◽  
D. W. K. Kay ◽  
Martin Roth
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Functional Disorder ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Missing Items ◽  
Newcastle Upon Tyne

An earlier paper (Kay, Beamish and Roth, 1964b) described 26 features that differentiated significantly between mentally normal and functionally ill subjects over the age of 65, or between normals and those with organic mental illness. These features were found to fall into four main groups concerned with (i) physical disability, (ii) social isolation, (iii) personality deviation, (iv) social and income status. Many of the features appeared clearly to be inter related, but to an unknown degree, and this complicated the interpretation of the results. In the hope of shedding some light on this problem, a factorial analysis of 34 features, including most of the 26 previously described, was carried out. Because of missing items, the number of patients was reduced by 27 to 267, consisting of 152 mentally normal subjects, 88 subjects with functional illness, and 27 with organic mental illness. This report is complementary to the two previous articles (Kay, Beamish and Roth, 1964a, 1964b), in which the method of selecting the subjects and the definitions of organic and functional disorder are fully described.

A Quantitative Analysis and Qualitative Explanation of the Individual Differences in Affective Responses to Prescribed and Self-Selected Exercise Intensities

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine A. Rose ◽  
Gaynor Parfitt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Dual Mode ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Method Approach

Using a mixed-method approach, the aim of this study was to explore affective responses to exercise at intensities below-lactate threshold (LT), at-LT, and above-LT to test the proposals of the dual-mode model (Ekkekakis, 2003). These intensities were also contrasted with a self-selected intensity. Further, the factors that influenced the generation of those affective responses were explored. Nineteen women completed 20 min of treadmill exercise at each intensity. Affective valence and activation were measured, pre-, during and postexercise. Afterward, participants were asked why they had felt the way they had during each intensity. Results supported hypotheses showing affect to be least positive during the above-LT condition and most positive during the self-selected and below-LT conditions. Individual differences were greatest in the below-LT and at-LT conditions. Qualitative results showed that factors relating to perceptions of ability, interpretation of exercise intensity, exercise outcomes, focus of concentration, and perceptions of control influenced the affective response and contributed to the individual differences shown in the quantitative data.

scholarly journals Exploring Consumer Behavior in Virtual Reality Tourism Using an Extended Stimulus-Organism-Response Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung Ja Kim ◽  
Choong-Ki Lee ◽  
Timothy Jung
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Response Model ◽  
Cognitive Response

Although virtual reality (VR) is an emerging technology in tourism, little research has been conducted on what factors make consumers visit destinations presented by VR. To address this gap in the literature, this study developed a theoretical framework including authentic experience, cognitive and affective responses, attachment, and visit intention with VR tourism using a stimulus-organism-response (SOR) theory. The results revealed significant impacts of authentic experience on cognitive and affective responses, indicating that authentic experience is an important factor in VR tourism. The study identified cognitive and affective responses as significant mediators in predicting attachment and visit intention. The results demonstrated that the intention to visit places shown in VR tourism was influenced by attachment to VR. Cognitive response had a stronger influence than affective response on the intention to visit a destination in VR. This study sheds light on why potential tourists visit destinations shown in VR.

Making the Unfamiliar Familiar: The Effect of Exposure on Ratings of Unfamiliar Musical Chords

2020 ◽  
pp. 102986492094857
Author(s):  
Eline A. Smit ◽  
Andrew J. Milne ◽  
Roger T. Dean ◽  
Gabrielle Weidemann
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Signal ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Musical Scale ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Musical Chords

Affective responses to music have been shown to be influenced by the psychoacoustic features of the acoustic signal, learned associations between musical features and emotions, and familiarity with a musical system through exposure. The present article reports two experiments investigating whether short-term exposure has an effect on valence and consonance ratings of unfamiliar musical chords from the Bohlen-Pierce system, which are not based on a traditional Western musical scale. In a pre- and post-test design, exposure to positive, negative and neutral chord types was manipulated to test for an effect of exposure on liking. In this paradigm, short-term (“mere”) exposure to unfamiliar chords produced an increase only in valence ratings for negative chords. In neither experiment did it produce an increase in valence or pleasantness ratings for other chord types. Contrast effects for some chord types were found in both experiments, suggesting that a chord’s affect (i.e., affective response to the chord) might be emphasised when the chord is preceded by a stimulus with a contrasting affect. The results confirmed those of a previous study showing that psychoacoustic features play an important role in the perception of music. The findings are discussed in light of their psychological and musical implications.

Affective response to a lottery prize moderates processing of payoffs and probabilities: An eye-tracking study

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Jakub Traczyk ◽  
Jakub Kus ◽  
Agata Sobkow
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Utility Theory ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Expected Utility Theory ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Attentional Engagement

Abstract Expected utility theory posits that our preferences for gambles result from the weighting of utilities of monetary payoffs by their probabilities. However, recent studies have shown that combining payoffs and probabilities is often distorted by affective responses. In the current study, we hypothesized that affective response to a lottery prize moderates processing of payoffs and probabilities. Attentional engagement (measured by the number of fixations in the eye tracking experiment) was predicted by probability, value of an outcome, and their interaction, but only for affect-poor lottery tickets. A corresponding pattern of results was not observed in affect-rich lottery tickets, suggesting more simplified processing of such lotteries.

What is Mental Illness?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Related Matter ◽  
Do So

The question "What is mental illness?" raises many issues in many contexts, personal, social, legal, and scientific. This chapter reviews mental health problems as they appear to the person with the problems, and to family and friends-before the person attends the clinic and is given a diagnosis-a time in which whether there really is a problem, as opposed to life's normal troubles and variations, is undecided, as also the nature of the problem, if such it be, and the related matter what kind of expert advice should be sought. Once at the clinic, a diagnosis may be given-using criteria well-worked-out in the diagnostic manuals. The chapter discusses the conceptualizations of mental disorder in the diagnostic manuals, their rationale, and what can and cannot be reasonably expected of them. There are more position statements than definitions, and while they signal many dilemmas, they do not resolve them. Attempts to do so in the surrounding literature on the concept of mental illness are reviewed in the chapter, with conclusions favoring the features emphasized in the diagnostic manuals: distress and impairment. Finally the chapter considers how far the science may help draw boundaries around mental illness.

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