A Psycho-Analytic Approach to the Classification of Mental Disorders

1932 ◽  
Vol 78 (323) ◽  
pp. 819-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Glover
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Ego Development ◽  
Mental Development ◽  
Analytic Approach ◽  
Case Material ◽  
Melanie Klein ◽  
Small Children ◽  
The Past ◽  
Made In

During a symposium on the psychotherapy of the psychoses held under the auspices of this Section,† I took occasion to point out that, owing to the nature of their case material, many psychoanalysts had been forced to undertake this branch of treatment, whether they liked it or not. In the case of psychiatric classification the position is somewhat different. However much the psychoanalyst may choose to procrastinate, he cannot postpone indefinitely the task of correlating psychiatric data with his own systematic formulations on mental development. The more precise and dogmatic these formulations become, the more incumbent it is on the psycho-analyst to test them in the psychiatric field. Already some ventures have been made in this direction, notably in the work of Rickman,† Schilder,§ Stärcke‖ and others. The main justification for a renewal of these attempts lies in the fact that during the past four or five years, appreciable advances have been made in the psycho-analytic understanding of early stages of ego development. A great deal has been achieved by the analysis of small children, largely under the inspired stimulus of Melanie Klein, and already this work has produced reverberations in other directions. I am constrained to make this preliminary explanation in the hope of mitigating an impression which I fear still prevails in some quarters, namely, that in its relations to psychiatry, psycho-analysis displays the dogmatic over-compensation of an ignorant and none-too-welcome parvenu. Indeed, I should like to take this opportunity of stating that psycho-analysis, if even on the barest grounds of economy of effort, looks forward to an increasingly close alliance with pure psychiatry. And I hope to be able to indicate in this paper some problems on which the co-operating energies of the two sciences might well be concentrated.

An Analysis of Systems of Classifying Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older People

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Collie ◽  
Paul Maruff
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Older People ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Made In

Objective: Over the past two decades, a number of systems have been developed for the classification of cognitive and behavioural abnormalities in older people, in order that individuals at high risk of developing neurodegenerative disease, particularly Alzheimer's disease, may be identified well before the disease manifests clinically. This article critically examines the inclusion and exclusion criteria of a number of such classification systems, to determine the effect that variations in criterion may have on clinical, behavioural and neuroimaging outcomes reported from older people with mild cognitive impairment. Method: Qualitative review of the literature describing systems of classifying mild cognitive impairment, and outcomes from clinical, behavioural, neuroimaging and genetic studies of older people with mild cognitive impairment. Results: The exclusion and inclusion criteria for these classification systems vary markedly, as do the design of studies upon which the validity of these systems has been assessed. Minor changes to individual exclusion/inclusion criterion may result in substantial changes to estimates of the prevalence and clinical outcome of mild cognitive impairment, while inadequate experimental design may act to confound the interpretation of results. Conclusions: As a result of these factors, accurate and consistent estimates of the outcome of mild cognitive impairments in otherwise healthy older people are yet to be obtained. On the basis of this analysis of the literature, optimal criteria via which accurate classifications of mild cognitive impairment can be made in future are proposed.

Global Impact of Danish Headache Research

Cephalalgia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 753-756
Author(s):  
JW Lance
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ihs Classification ◽  
Made In

Over the past 40 years, Denmark has established a world reputation for the comprehensive nature and excellence of its headache research. Advances have been made in epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology and treatment across the whole spectrum of headache entities. Moreover, the IHS classification of headache, the guidelines for clinical trials and text books on the basic mechanisms and management of headaches were initiated from Denmark. These achievements are a tribute to all those who have participated and to the continuing leadership of Jes Olesen.

Omniscience and ignorance: Variation in Nuaulu knowledge, identification and classification of animals

1979 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 337-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy F. Ellen
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Eastern Indonesia ◽  
Single Body ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Knowledge Identification ◽  
Ethnographic Analysis ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACTThe ethnographic analysis of categories is still largely based on assumptions of cultural uniformity, although, during the past decade, the significance of variation has become increasingly evident as attempts have been made to measure it. Delineation and measurement are themselves complex tasks, however. In a single body of data there may be variation according to many criteria which are often cross-cutting and reinforce each other irregularly. These issues are discussed in this paper in relation to different types and contexts of variation evident in animal classifications of the Nuaulu of eastern Indonesia. Yet, the kinds of assumptions made in formal studies of individual variation are as problematic as those concerning cultural uniformity. It is important to appreciate that the techniques and representations employed to describe classifications and their variation are often inadequate, concealing those things that are operationally of most significance and reifying ‘classifications’ which do not always exist in practice. The products of classifying behaviour inevitably reflect the immediate social conditions of the situations in which they are used. (Analysis of categories, cultural variability, ethnozoology, social context; Nuaulu of eastern Indonesia.)

scholarly journals Application of Immunohistochemistry in Thyroid Pathology

2015 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyan Liu ◽  
Fan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Gene Profiling ◽  
National Library ◽  
The Past ◽  
Thyroid Pathology ◽  
Practice Experience ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin ◽  
Thyroid Lesions ◽  
Made In

Context Accurate classification of follicular-patterned thyroid lesions is not always an easy task on routine surgical hematoxylin-eosin–stained or cytologic fine-needle aspiration specimens. The diagnostic challenges are partially due to differential diagnostic criteria that are often subtle and subjective. In the past decades, tremendous advances have been made in molecular gene profiling of tumors and diagnostic immunohistochemistry, aiding in diagnostic accuracy and proper patient management. Objective To evaluate the diagnostic utility of the most commonly studied immunomarkers in the field of thyroid pathology by review of the literature, using the database of indexed articles in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) from 1976–2013. Data Sources Literature review, authors' research data, and personal practice experience. Conclusions The appropriate use of immunohistochemistry by applying a panel of immunomarkers and using a standardized technical and interpretational method may complement the morphologic assessment and aid in the accurate classification of difficult thyroid lesions.

scholarly journals Neurodevelopmental processes in the ontogenesis and epigenesis of psychopathology

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANTE CICCHETTI ◽  
TYRONE D. CANNON
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Behavioral Development ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Behavioral Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Made In

Dramatic gains in knowledge have been made in the fields of neuroscience, human development, and developmental psychopathology during the past quarter of a century. Despite the advances that have been achieved in each discipline separately, considerably less progress has occurred in understanding the relation between neurobiological and behavioral development in normal and atypical populations. Research has increasingly demonstrated that abnormalities that occur early in development may result in the emergence of aberrant neural circuitry that eventuates in relatively enduring forms of psychopathology. Knowledge of normal neurobiological development provides a powerful foundation for understanding the contributions that neurodevelopmental processes make to the etiology and sequelae of psychopathology across the life course. An integrated perspective wherein an appreciation of the complex neural, psychological, and social-contextual processes that cohere to bring about normal and pathological outcomes is necessary in order to advance understanding of the genesis and epigenesis of mental disorders. Such an approach will require a reduction of the schisms that so often separate neurobiological and behavioral research.

A case of musical hallucinations

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1214-1214
Author(s):  
S. Simões ◽  
J. Mesquita ◽  
B. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Mild Hypertension ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Complex Sounds ◽  
Charles Bonnet Syndrome ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cerebral Mri ◽  
Betahistine Dihydrochloride ◽  
Made In

IntroductionMusical hallucinations are a rare subtype of complex auditive hallucinations where we can find a disorder of the processing of complex sounds and the perception is formed by music, instrumental sounds or songs.Clinical CaseA 75-year-old women, accompanied in otorhinolaryngology consultation in the last two years, was oriented to psychiatry consultation for suspected anxious symptomatology. In the second psychiatric observation, she complained of hearing portuguese popular music since the previous month. She could identify the lyrics and sing the songs heard and allocated the sounds out of her head, although having doubts about their reality. There were no other auditory or visual hallucinations. She refused to take psychopharmacs. She had a previous history that included complains of hyperacusis and tinitus, mainly in the left ear. An electrococleography made in the past showed endolymphatic hidropsis at the left and an audiogram identified presbiacusis. Her cerebral MRI showed a dilatation of the ventricular system. She had mild hypertension and hypercholesterolemia and had been medicated with sinvastatine, carvedilol, omeprazole, triflusal and betahistine dihydrochloride.DiscussionMusical hallucinations occur mainly in females and in patients over 60 years, although patients whose hallucinations are caused by focal brain lesions are significantly younger. Because most of the patients have a hearing impairment, a similar mechanism to that of Charles-Bonnet syndrome has been proposed.There is no accepted classification of musical hallucinations - many authors prefer to call them halllucinosis when patients have insight; others think it can represent a mental image. Treatment is not consensual.

Angststörungen – von der ICD-10 zur ICD-11

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Timo D. Vloet ◽  
Marcel Romanos
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
International Classification ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Icd 10

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Nach 12 Jahren Entwicklung wird die 11. Version der International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) im Januar 2022 in Kraft treten. Methodik: Im Rahmen eines selektiven Übersichtsartikels werden die Veränderungen im Hinblick auf die Klassifikation von Angststörungen von der ICD-10 zur ICD-11 zusammenfassend dargestellt. Ergebnis: Die diagnostischen Kriterien der generalisierten Angststörung, Agoraphobie und spezifischen Phobien werden angepasst. Die ICD-11 wird auf Basis einer Lebenszeitachse neu organisiert, sodass die kindesaltersspezifischen Kategorien der ICD-10 aufgelöst werden. Die Trennungsangststörung und der selektive Mutismus werden damit den „regulären“ Angststörungen zugeordnet und können zukünftig auch im Erwachsenenalter diagnostiziert werden. Neu ist ebenso, dass verschiedene Symptomdimensionen der Angst ohne kategoriale Diagnose verschlüsselt werden können. Diskussion: Die Veränderungen im Bereich der Angsterkrankungen umfassen verschiedene Aspekte und sind in der Gesamtschau nicht unerheblich. Positiv zu bewerten ist die Einführung einer Lebenszeitachse und Parallelisierung mit dem Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Schlussfolgerungen: Die entwicklungsbezogene Neuorganisation in der ICD-11 wird auch eine verstärkte längsschnittliche Betrachtung von Angststörungen in der Klinik sowie Forschung zur Folge haben. Damit rückt insbesondere die Präventionsforschung weiter in den Fokus.

ASPECTS IN BUILDING A COMPANY WEB-SITE AND ITS ROLE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS

2018 ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
Petar Halachev ◽  
Victoria Radeva ◽  
Albena Nikiforova ◽  
Miglena Veneva
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Web Site ◽  
The Internet ◽  
A Company ◽  
The Web ◽  
Design Construction ◽  
Made In ◽  
Site Types

This report is dedicated to the role of the web site as an important tool for presenting business on the Internet. Classification of site types has been made in terms of their application in the business and the types of structures in their construction. The Models of the Life Cycle for designing business websites are analyzed and are outlined their strengths and weaknesses. The stages in the design, construction, commissioning, and maintenance of a business website are distinguished and the activities and requirements of each stage are specified.

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